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Measurements of serum fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin are increasingly used to complement plasma glucose concentration in the fasting dog to diagnose diabetes mellitus and to monitor the response to treatment. These measurements are not affected by acute changes in the glucose concentration and reflect the average plasma glucose concentration over the preceding one to two weeks in the case of serum fructosamine and two to three months in the case of glycated haemoglobin. Both components can be measured in canine blood samples, but glycated haemoglobin is still not measured routinely; however, the serum fructosamine concentration can be measured accurately by means of simple spectrophotometric assays. The sensitivity and specificity of serum fructosamine in diagnosing diabetes mellitus in dogs with clinical signs of the disease are very high (0.93 and 0.95, respectively). Furthermore, serum fructosamine can be used as a reliable screening test to identify diabetic dogs in an average middle-aged to older hospital population. In addition, serum fructosamine can distinguish between hyperglycaemic non-diabetic dogs and hyperglycaemic diabetic dogs. Preliminary data suggest that therapy can be safely monitored and regulated on the basis of serial measurements of the serum fructosamine concentration in diabetic dogs.
Vet Rec 1995 Oct 14
PMID:Glycated blood proteins in canine diabetes mellitus. 854 38

Seventy-two healthy dogs required sedation and analgesia for a variety of procedures causing discomfort or pain. They were treated either with the alpha 2-agonist medetomidine at 40 micrograms/kg (15 intravenously and 17 intramuscularly), or 80 micrograms/kg (15 intravenously and 15 intramuscularly) or with xylazine plus l-methadone (1.0 mg)(10 intravenously). The levels of sedation, analgesia and safety were compared clinically and by measurements of the effects on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood gases, body temperature, haematology and clinical chemistry. Sedation was achieved reliably with both medetomidine and xylazine plus l-methadone but its onset, depth and duration were influenced by the dose and route of administration. In the medetomidine-treated dogs, intravenous administration resulted in more rapid sedation and the effects of the higher dose were deeper and longer lasting. The small dogs receiving 40 micrograms/kg may have been underdosed. The initial analgesic effects in response to a pin prick to the body surface were sufficient and similar for both drugs, except for the intramuscular dose of 40 micrograms/kg medetomidine. Analgesia for the clinical procedures was less reliable with medetomidine and was not always adequate even at the high dose, but xylazine plus l-methadone assured analgesia in almost every case. Medetomidine resulted in marked bradycardia, lasting as long as the sedation and the ECG revealed a sinus arrhythmia with sinoatrial and atrioventricular blocks grade I and II as a sign of interference with transduction. The bradycardia with xylazine plus l-methadone was less pronounced. A decrease in respiratory rate accompanying sedation had no influence on blood gases and blood acidity in the dogs treated with medetomidine but caused a respiratory acidosis with xylazine plus l-methadone. Body temperature decreased with all treatments for the duration of the period of sedation. Blood glucose concentration increased to a similar extent in all treatment groups, but all other haematological and clinicochemical variables remained unchanged. Treatment with the specific alpha 2 antagonist, atipamezole, reversed the sedation and cardiovascular and pulmonary effects due to medetomidine within minutes.
Vet Rec 1996 Feb 10
PMID:Clinical comparison of medetomidine with xylazine/l-methadone in dogs. 865 Sep 15

Three lorry loads, each of approximately 530 lambs, were monitored during August 1994 while they were transported from the Midlands to France. Each lorry underwent a similar journey, designed to study the effects of a) 22 hours on a lorry broken by two hours of feed, water and rest after 15 hours, b) 34 hours on a lorry broken by eight hours of feed, water and rest after 24 hours and c) 24 hours on a lorry and lairage for the following 48 hours. Measurements were made on 180 lambs in each load, of liveweight, plasma betahydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, total protein, albumin, osmolality, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol and glucose, before, during and after transport. Twenty-four hours of transport resulted in changes in some of the variables measured that were little different from those observed after 24 hours of feed and water deprivation; however, the high ambient temperatures during the transport resulted in a greater degree of dehydration. For journeys longer than 15 hours a two-hour rest in lairage with access to water and a palatable food source was beneficial in allowing some slight recovery. Although all the differences were in the direction that would be expected with recovery, they were often small and, within the sensitivity of the study, were only significant for NEFA and C.K. For journeys longer than 24 hours, an eight-hour rest in lairage with access to water and a palatable food source was beneficial and allowed material realimentation and rehydration before further transport for up to 10 hours. After 24 hours of transport, however, liveweight, plasma urea, total protein and albumin had only returned to basal levels after 24 hours in lairage and plasma BHB, CK and osmolality after 48 hours of lairage.
Vet Rec 1996 Oct 05
PMID:Effects of feeding, watering and resting intervals on lambs transported by road and ferry to France. 890 11

Two trials, each involving 56 calves less than one month old, demonstrated that the responses of calves to food and water deprivation during 24 hours of transport were similar to those observed in older cattle and lambs. There was increasing utilisation of body reserves and a measurable increase in dehydration, coupled with an increased loss of liveweight. Feeding 1 litre of glucose/electrolyte solution at eight-hour intervals did reduce the effects of food and water deprivation, but it is suggested that the minor benefits of mid-transport feeding during a 24-hour journey would not justify the disruption that would be caused by unloading and feeding. It would be better to complete the journey in as short a time as possible, providing the calves were carried under suitable conditions. Liveweight and the levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, total protein and albumin had all returned to approximately pre-transport values after 24 hours of recovery. However, the calves had not started to gain in liveweight until some time after 24 but before 72 hours of recovery. The calves did not show the same marked responses in heart rate, plasma cortisol and plasma glucose that are observed in older cattle and in other species. They also appeared to be unable to regulate their body temperature closely, when they were transported during the winter. It is suggested that their lack of response to transport was not because they were unaffected but because they were physiologically unadapted to coping with transport.
Vet Rec 1997 Feb 01
PMID:Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours. 904 95

A simplified intravenous glucose tolerance test has been developed for use in domestic cats and the results compared with those obtained using the standard test. The simplified test used two cephalic catheters, implanted in unsedated, unanaesthetised cats three hours before the test. Blood samples were collected before and after intravenous administration of glucose (0.5 g/kg bodyweight). Blood glucose concentration was measured with a reflectance glucose meter and an automated chemistry analyser. There were no significant differences between the results derived from the two tests. Because the simplified glucose tolerance test is easier to perform, requires no anaesthesia, uses only cephalic catheters and can be done on an outpatient basis, it is more cost effective and more clinically applicable. There were no significant differences between the results of glucose measurements with the two machines and the simplified glucose tolerance test can therefore be carried out with the reflectance glucose meter.
Vet Rec 1997 Mar 08
PMID:Evaluation of a simplified intravenous glucose tolerance test and a reflectance glucose meter for use in cats. 908 Jun 43

Plasma chemistry and haematological studies were conducted on chickens with coccidiosis. Male White Leghorn chickens, of two weeks old, were inoculated with 5 x 10(4) Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts or with 1 x 10(6) E acervulina sporulated oocysts. Blood samples were taken four, seven and 11 days after inoculation. A wet chemistry system was applied to measure the plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase, amylase and lactate dehydrogenase and the concentrations of creatine, total bilirubin, urate, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, glucose and triglycerides. A dry chemistry system was applied to measure sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium. The number of red blood cells and packed cell volume were determined by a micro cell counter and blood pH was measured with a blood gas analyser. The erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, sodium and chloride levels in the chickens infected with E tenella were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the uninfected controls. The significant decrease in blood pH of the chickens infected with E acervulina suggests malabsorption associated with duodenal lesions induced by the infection.
Vet Rec 1997 Jul 12
PMID:Evaluation of plasma chemistry and haematological studies on chickens infected with Eimeria tenella and E acervulina. 925 31

We investigated the possible relationship between islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and the hyperinsulinemia and/or hyperglycemia that is seen in the desert-adapted gerbil Psammomys obesus, when the animal is transferred from a low-energy (LE) diet to a high-energy (HE) diet. The effects of vanadyl sulfate and transition from a HE to a LE diet on the diabetic state of the Psammomys were also studied. Psammomys maintained on a LE diet, showing normoinsulinemia and normoglycemia (group A), were used as controls. IAPP and insulin immunoreactivity in the islets of Langerhans was studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and plasma levels of the two hormones were determined by radioimmunoassays. The islet immunoreactivity of both IAPP and insulin was significantly weaker in the hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic Psammomys (group C) compared to group A. Transfer to a LE diet resulted in complete recovery of the IAPP- and insulin-staining pattern to that seen in group A [group A--Rec (nutrition)]. The plasma IAPP levels of the group C animals were not significantly higher than in group A, while after vanadyl sulfate treatment the IAPP levels and IAPP/insulin ratios remained significantly higher [group A--Rec (vanadyl)]. At the same time the circulating levels of glucose and insulin were restored to normal. Conclusively, islet IAPP and insulin immunoreactivity disappeared and reappeared in parallel in Psammomys transferred to a HE diet and back to a LE diet. Furthermore, vanadyl sulfate treatment of the hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic animals normalized circulating glucose and insulin levels, but not IAPP levels, possibly due to a negative feedback effect of IAPP on insulin release.
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PMID:Islet amyloid polypeptide in Psammomys obesus (sand rat): effects of nutritionally induced diabetes and recovery on low-energy diet or vanadyl sulfate treatment. 936 Oct 89

A Jersey herd was investigated following a decrease in milk yields. The cattle were permanently housed and fed a complete diet in four groups on the basis of yield. They were generally healthy, but the dry cows and many of the milking cows were over fat. The plasma concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose were normal, but the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase and the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids were high. Fatty liver syndrome was diagnosed. All the dry cows were condition scored and placed into one of three dietary groups according to their score. They were exercised in an outdoor paddock and entered the pre-calving feeding group at least two weeks before calving; 75 per cent of them achieved a condition score of less than 3, and most of them produced normal milk yields. Thirty cows which had developed signs of fatty liver syndrome were paired and one of each pair received an injection of 640 mg of recombinant bovine somatotrophin. The yield of the treated cows was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the first two weeks after the injection. The treated cows had higher plasma concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids and lower plasma urea concentrations seven days after the injection. No other biochemical parameters were affected.
Vet Rec 1998 Jan 10
PMID:Control of fatty liver syndrome in a Jersey herd by a change of diet and the use of recombinant bovine somatotrophin. 948 26

An internal fragment (978 bp) corresponding to the dog zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 (DZP3), excluding the N-terminal signal sequence and the C-terminal transmembrane-like domain, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from a full-length cDNA clone. The amplified SacI and PstI restricted fragment was cloned in-frame downstream of the T5 promoter under lac operator control for expression in the pQE-30 vector. Recombinant DZP3 (rec-DZP3) was expressed as a polyhistidine fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Optimum expression of rec-DZP3 was observed at 1.0 mM isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyronoside. Immunoblots with a murine monoclonal antibody, MA-451 (raised against porcine ZP3beta-a homologue of DZP3 and cross-reactive with dog zona pellucida), revealed a major band of 42 kDa. Localization studies revealed that the recombinant protein was present only in an insoluble intracellular fraction. Further optimization studies revealed that the level of expression of rec-DZP3 was significantly higher in Luria broth medium containing glycerol rather than glucose and maximum expression was observed when cultures were induced during the mid-log phase of growth. Batch fermentation with glycerol as the carbon source yielded 30 mg/L of rec-DZP3 compared to 4 mg/L from a shake flask culture. Immunization of two male rabbits with Ni-NTA-purified rec-DZP3 and two female dogs with the rec-DZP3 conjugated to diphtheria toxoid generated high antibody titers against rec-DZP3 as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rabbit immune serum reacted with porcine ZP3beta but failed to react with porcine ZP3alpha in a Western blot. Moreover, antisera when tested by indirect immunofluorescence on dog ovarian sections showed positive fluorescence with zona pellucida. The availability of rec-DZP3 will help in evaluating its efficacy for fertility regulation in stray dogs.
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PMID:Dog zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 (ZP3): expression in Escherichia coli and immunological characterization. 953

Previous studies have suggested that production of reactive oxygen species by embryonic mitochondria may have a role in the induction of both high-amplitude mitochondrial swelling and embryonic dysmorphogenesis in diabetic pregnancy. The present study analyzed the relationships between a putative metabolite-induced production of free oxygen radicals, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, and high-amplitude mitochondrial swelling in embryos during organogenesis. For studies in vitro, day 9 embryos of normal rats were cultured for 48 h with a high concentration of glucose in the absence or presence of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHC), a mitochondrial pyruvate transport inhibitor. The morphology of mitochondria in the neuroepithelium of the embryos was studied with the aid of transmission electron microscopy. For studies in vivo, normal and diabetic pregnant rats were fed a diet supplemented with the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), and the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the embryonic neuroepithelium and in the visceral yolk sac was investigated on gestational day 11. Exposure to a high concentration of glucose in vitro or to maternal diabetes in vivo induced high-amplitude swelling of mitochondria in the neuroepithelium of the embryos. The swelling of mitochondria was prevented by addition of CHC to the culture media or by maternal ingestion of antioxidant-supplemented food. In diabetic pregnancy, embryonic mitochondria during organogenesis produce free oxygen radicals that cause mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and swelling and furthermore embryonic dysmorphogenesis. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants to the mother may prevent embryonic malformations in diabetic pregnancy by inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Anat Rec 1998 07
PMID:Maternal antioxidant treatments prevent diabetes-induced alterations of mitochondrial morphology in rat embryos. 966 57


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