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The effect of the progressive hyperglycemic condition on ovarian follicular maturation was studied in control, moderate (160-350 mg/dl blood glucose), and overt (greater than or equal to 350 mg/dl blood glucose), spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters. Match-paired (age, sex, and weight) control and diabetic animals were sacrificed at specific intervals during the development of the diabetic condition; the ovaries were collected and morphometrically analyzed for changes in ovarian follicular growth relative to blood glucose levels. Follicles were classified according to size, number, and condition. The total number of primary (100-200 micrometers diameter) and secondary (200-350 micrometers diameter) follicles was reduced in both moderate and overt diabetic females as compared with controls. The percentage of viable (i.e., nonatretic) follicles was greatly reduced in the secondary follicle class of overt diabetic animals as compared with controls. No significant differences were observed in the numbers of viable tertiary (i.e., greater than or equal to 350 micrometers diameter) follicles in any of the diabetic animals as compared with controls. The percentage of atretic, secondary follicles was greatly increased in the overt diabetic group as compared with controls. These data indicate that the progressive hyperglycemia associated with diabetes in the Chinese hamster induces a severe depression of normal follicular recruitment resulting in an impaired reproductive performance in this species.
Anat Rec 1984 Nov
PMID:Effects of progressive hyperglycemia on ovarian structure and function in the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamster. 652 90

Cows from three different herds were used to investigate the relationship between plasma D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate, serum free fatty acid and blood glucose concentrations and the amount of fat present in the liver in the week after calving. The study was particularly concerned with the diagnostic value of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate estimations. These estimations did not make a significant contribution to diagnosis of fatty liver nor did they reflect accurately the nutritional status of the cows.
Vet Rec 1983 Jul 16
PMID:Blood composition and liver fat in post parturient dairy cows. 668 51

Treatment of diarrhoeic calves by oral administration of a glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution (GGES) was compared with milk deprivation (water given instead) and with no treatment (milk-fed controls). The diarrhoea followed challenge with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The GGES group showed a significantly lower mortality (5 per cent) in comparison with the controls (37 per cent). The milk-deprived group had a slightly lower mortality (30 per cent) in comparison with the controls. The milk deprived group showed a significantly prolonged duration of diarrhoea in survivors compared with the control group, while the GGES group did not differ significantly from the controls. Calves arriving on farms were allocated randomly to either GGES or to an alternative control treatment (usually partial milk deprivation). The incidence of diarrhoea during the subsequent two weeks was significantly less in the GGES group. Clotting of milk by rennet was impaired by addition with either water or an alkaline electrolyte solution but was enhanced by dilution with GGES.
Vet Rec 1980 Dec 13
PMID:Comparison between milk deprivation and oral rehydration with a glucose-glycine-electrolyte formulation in diarrhoeic and transported calves. 700 33

A technique was developed for the resuscitation of hypothermic newborn lambs. This technique consisted of three major components: the administration of glucose solution by intraperitoneal injection to lambs aged six hours or more in order to reverse hypoglycaemia (10 ml/kg of a 20 per cent solution); rewarming the lambs in air at 40 degrees C; and careful attention to the nutrition and husbandry of the lambs after rewarming. The results indicate that careful application of this technique during lambing would considerably reduce the losses from hypothermia.
Vet Rec 1982 Feb 06
PMID:Resuscitation of hypothermic lambs. 718 98

Five cases of loose mandibular or maxillary cheek teeth in sheep are described. All the sheep showed loss of condition but excessive salivation was not a consistent feature. Two had high helminth egg counts, one a facial abscess and three loose rostral teeth. Blood biochemical results showed raised creatine phosphokinase (three cases), low glucose (three) and marginally low calcium levels (two). Diagnosis was based on digital palpation of the teeth during sedation. Treatment by extraction of loose teeth allowed a further litter of lambs from pregnant ewes and an extra tupping season from a ram.
Vet Rec 1981 Apr 11
PMID:Clinical signs and treatment of aged sheep with loose mandibular or maxillary cheek teeth. 725 24

The anaesthetic properties of ketamine in sheep were evaluated and compared with the results of a combination of ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/xylazine/atropine. Premedication of xylazine/atropine followed by intravenous injection of ketamine hydrochloride appeared to result in satisfactory immobilisation and anaesthesia for surgical operations of short duration. This combination effectively reduced some of the undesirable effects of ketamine, such as muscle rigidity, insufficient suppression of reflexes and tachycardia. The action on haematological factors was studied and significant increases in blood glucose content were detected during anaesthesia.
Vet Rec 1981 Apr 18
PMID:Evaluation of the anaesthetic properties of ketamine and a ketamine/xylazine/atropine combination in sheep. 726 83

A four year study of bovine neonatal mortality on 34 dairy farms and an agricultural institute's calf unit showed that 280 (3.2 per cent) of 8752 calves died mainly from diarrhoea and, or , septicaemia. The relationship between management methods and mortality rates were studied at the calf unit. When infection rates were kept low by good standards of hygiene and an adequate quantity of colostrum was fed immediately post partum, morbidity and mortality rates were 8.3 per cent and 1.2 per cent respectively, compared with 36 per cent and 4.1 per cent when hygiene was poor and colostrum was withheld until six hours post partum. Ninety-five sick calves were given either glucose-glycine electrolyte solution orally (41 calves) or the electrolyte solution in combination with an antibacterial agent (54 calves) to compare the efficacy of these treatments. Recovery rates, duration of illness and live-weight gains showed no significant difference between the treatments. Mean serum immunoglobulin levels (zinc sulphate turbidity test) of calves at 30 hours old were poor indicators of the future health status of any individual calf. Results indicated that good management with emphasis on hygiene and early feeding of colostrum reduced losses due to neonatal diarrhoea and septicaemia from 4 per cent to 1.2 per cent.
Vet Rec 1981 May 23
PMID:Control of bovine neonatal diarrhoea by management techniques. 729 17

As part of a study of the metabolic effects of long distance riding the results of biochemical analyses of blood samples taken from horses before, immediately after and one hour after an 80 km ride are reported. The results show that the horses were moderately dehydrated, they were working aerobically using fats as metabolic substrates and blood glucose was reduced. There was no evidence of post exercise ketosis and circulating alanine levels fell. Metabolic hormone levels are reported and are related to the availability of substrates for gluconeogenesis. There was evidence of reduced kidney and liver function which was showing little sign of recovery in the first hour after the ride.
Vet Rec
PMID:Long distance exercise in the horse: Golden Horseshoe Ride 1978. 743 3

Blood samples were taken before and after a cross country race over the marathon distance of 42 km. There was a rise in blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids and glycerol associated with a rise in plasma cortisol and glucagon but the fall in insulin was not significant (P > 0.05). Plasma potassium and albumin concentrations increased, calcium decreased and there was no change in sodium or bicarbonate concentrations. There was an increase in plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and isocitrate dehydrogenase but no change in alkaline phosphatase. There was a rise in plasma creatine kinase. These results of a competitive race are compared with those of the 80 km non-competitive Golden Horseshoe Ride.
Vet Rec 1980 Dec 06
PMID:A biochemical study of the Arab Horse Society's marathon race. 746 99

Five groups of 20 slaughter sheep of approximately 37.9 kg liveweight were transported by road for either three, nine, 15, 18 or 24 hours and three groups were not transported, one of them being deprived of food and water for 24 hours. Before and after transport the liveweight and various blood variables were measured and heart rate and behavioural observations were recorded from subsets of the animals. With increased journey time there was a decrease in liveweight and an increase in the plasma levels of free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea; however, the changes over 24 hours were similar to those in the group deprived of food and water. In the transported sheep, the heart rate and levels of plasma cortisol and glucose were increased by the stresses of loading and the initial stages of the journey, but after nine hours the sheep appeared, to some extent, to have adapted. They were able to lie down and did not appear to be physically stressed. Measurements of plasma osmolality, total plasma protein and albumin did not indicate that the sheep had become severely dehydrated after 24 hours of transport but upon their return, feeding and drinking activity was greater than that observed before the journey.
Vet Rec 1995 Apr 29
PMID:Effects on sheep of transport by road for up to 24 hours. 766 May 53


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