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Three management programmes to improve the reproductive performance of a dairy herd were compared in a prospective controlled field study on one commercial farm. A total of 542 cows were examined for endometritis 22 to 28 days postpartum and assigned to one of three treatment groups: in group 1 the cows with signs of endometritis were treated with an intrauterine infusion of 100 ml of a 2 per cent polycondensated m-cresolsulphuric acid formaldehyde solution; in group 2 the cows with signs of endometritis were treated with an intrauterine infusion of 125 ml of a 20 per cent eucalyptus compositum solution; and in group 3 all the cows were injected intramuscularly with 0.75 mg of tiaprost, an analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) at two-week intervals, starting on day 43, until they were inseminated. Thirty-four per cent of the cows showed signs of endometritis. In group 3, oestrus detection efficiency was significantly higher than in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05), the interval to first service was shorter, and the cows had fewer days open than the cows in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The results indicate that management programmes based on the strategic use of PGF2alpha are an effective alternative to traditional programmes based on rectal palpations and intrauterine infusions to control endometritis at a herd level.
Vet Rec 2000 Mar 18
PMID:Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. 1077 40

A newly developed desktop microtomograph was used to evaluate whether it is suitable for visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the mouse inner ear (at a micrometer level) and whether it is applicable as a fast screening tool to detect hereditary abnormalities in this organ. To this end, the epistatic circler, a mutant mouse showing abnormal circling behaviour, was used as a model. The inner ears were dissected out, formaldehyde-fixed, and scanned at maximal resolution along the longitudinal axis. After segmentation, stacks of tomographic images were used for 3D reconstruction of the bony labyrinth. Finally, the obtained data were correlated with subsequent conventional histological examination. The spatial resolution (8 microm) achieved by this instrument, was found to be far superior to that obtained by conventional computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR)-imaging equipment. The technique provides detailed tomographic images of the bony labyrinths and enables an adequate 3D reconstruction of the inner ear structures in this small mammal. In addition, it allows a screening for pathologic specimens prior to the more time- and labour-consuming histological techniques, which are still essential to gather information at a (sub)cellular level. This imaging technique can be regarded as a valuable tool in future research on hereditary inner ear abnormalities.
Anat Rec 2000 06 01
PMID:High resolution imaging of the mouse inner ear by microtomography: a new tool in inner ear research. 1082 Mar 24

The effectiveness of cleaning and disinfecting broiler farms and the persistence of Salmonella species in two integrated broiler companies was investigated for two years. Both companies used a cleaning and disinfection regime which included the application of a spray of phenolic disinfectant followed by fogging with formaldehyde solution, and this was highly effective in preventing carry-over of infection in the broiler houses. The disinfection of service areas and areas outside the houses was less effective but it had no influence on the Salmonella status of later flocks. Both companies had persistent problems with the contamination of pellet cooling systems in their feedmills with Salmonella 4, 12:d:- in company A, and with Salmonella binza and Salmonella ohio in company B. The hatcher incubators of both companies were also persistently contaminated with Salmonella livingstone and Salmonella thomasville in company A and with Salmonella senftenberg in company B. At both companies sites Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium Tr104 were also isolated occasionally from various locations.
Vet Rec 2001 Aug 25
PMID:Observations on the distribution and control of Salmonella species in two integrated broiler companies. 1155 66

We investigated the cell kinetics of the endometrium in hysterectomy specimens taken for leiomyoma from 22 women with regular ovulatory menstrual cycles. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were examined for proliferating activity using histone H3 messenger RNA in situ hybridization (H3 mRNA-ISH) and immunostaining for the Ki-67 antigen. The relationship of the proliferative activity of endometrial cells to the immunohistochemical expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) was also examined. During the menstrual cycle, H3 mRNA expression was observed in both the epithelial cells and the stromal cells of the endometrium. In the functional layer, the labeling indices for H3 mRNA (H3 mRNA-LIs) in the epithelial cells peaked in the late proliferative phase, decreased sharply in the early secretory phase, and remained unchanged thereafter. On the other hand, H3 mRNA-LIs of stromal cells displayed two peaks: one in the midproliferative phase and the other in the late secretory phase, the former peak being the greater. In the basal layer, epithelial cells and stromal cells showed low H3 mRNA-LIs and no significant variation throughout the menstrual cycle. The H3 mRNA-LIs correlated well with the Ki-67-LIs and were lower than the corresponding Ki-67-LIs. The regression coefficient (H3 mRNA-LIs against the Ki-67-LIs) was 0.33 for epithelial cells and 0.49 for stromal cells, suggesting that the cell cycle time was longer for epithelial cells than for stromal cells. The proliferative activity of endometrial cells showed close relationships with the expressions of ER and PR in the endometrium. When used in combination with other proliferative markers in paraffin-embedded tissue sections, H3 mRNA-ISH could open broader perspectives on the cell kinetics of the endometrium.
Anat Rec 2002 04 01
PMID:Cell kinetic study of the endometrium by nonisotopic in situ hybridization for histone H3 messenger RNA and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 and for estrogen and progesterone receptors. 1192 Mar 86

Because the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence method, which was superbly applied to identify catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons, is not applicable to histamine, the first author (T.W.) developed an antibody to L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) for identification of the histaminergic neuron system in the brain. The anti-HDC antibody was of great use for mapping the location and distribution of this histaminergic neuron system. (S)-alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, a specific and potent irreversible inhibitor of HDC, was also very useful in studies on functions of the neuron system. The activity of HDC is increased by various agents, treatments, and physiological conditions. We found new compounds that increased HDC activity (i.e., tetradecanoylphobol acetate (TPA), other tumor promoters, and staphylococcal enterotoxin A); and using mast cell-deficient mutant (W/W(v)) mice, we obtained evidence that this increase occurred in macrophages. To further characterize the mechanism of increases in HDC activity, the second author (H.O.) cloned human HDC cDNA and a human HDC gene. In studies on the regulation mechanism of the HDC gene, which is expressed only in limited types of cells such as mast cells, enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach, cells in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the brain, and macrophages, CpG islands in the promoter region of the HDC gene were found to be demethylated in cells expressing the gene, whereas they are methylated in other cells that do not express the HDC gene. In collaboration with many other researchers, we developed HDC knockout mice. The resulting research is producing a lot of interesting findings in our laboratory as well as in others. In summary, HDC has been and will be useful in studies on functions of histamine.
Chem Rec 2002
PMID:L-histidine decarboxylase as a probe in studies on histamine. 1246 48

The effect of introducing vaccinated commercial laying chickens on to farms, which previously had laying flocks that were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, was investigated by sampling faeces and environmental samples, and in some cases spent hens. In 15 of 17 free-range flocks vaccination eliminated any evidence of infection. In 11 barn egg production flocks, vaccination produced similar results in four flocks on one farm but infection persisted in seven flocks on other farms. Vaccination of two consecutive cage layer flocks led to a gradual disappearance of the infection, but in 18 other flocks there was evidence of infection after vaccination. In one continuously occupied cage layer house, treatment by competitive exclusion was followed by a gradual disappearance of S Enteritidis in faeces and a substantial reduction in its levels in the environment. On four barn egg production sites disinfection with a formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant eliminated Salmonella species even though birds housed subsequently were not vaccinated. In three flocks that had been vaccinated for four years, S Enteritidis was still present. In most cases the poor performance of the vaccine was associated with severe rodent control problems and a poor standard of cleaning and disinfection.
Vet Rec 2003 Nov 29
PMID:Effects of vaccination and other preventive methods for Salmonella enteritidis on commercial laying chicken farms. 1470 91

During bone formation, as in other tissues and organs, intense cellular proliferation and differentiation are usually observed. It has been described that programmed cell death, i.e., apoptosis, takes place in the control of the cellular population by removing of the excessive and damaged cells. Although it is generally accepted that apoptotic bodies are engulfed by professional phagocytes, the neighboring cells can also take part in the removal of apoptotic bodies. In the present study, regions of initial alveolar bone formation of rat molars were examined with the aim to verify whether osteoblasts are capable of engulfing apoptotic bodies, such as professional phagocytes. Rats aged 11-19 days were sacrificed and the maxillary fragments containing the first molar were removed and immersed in the fixative solution. The specimens fixed in glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. For the detection of apoptosis, the specimens were fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and submitted to the TUNEL method. The results revealed round/ovoid structures containing dense bodies on the bone surface in close contact to osteoblasts and in conspicuous osteoblast vacuoles. These round/ovoid structures showed also positivity to the TUNEL method, indicating that bone cells on the bone surface are undergoing apoptosis. Ultrathin sections showed images of apoptotic bodies being engulfed by osteoblasts. Occasionally, the osteoblasts exhibited large vacuoles containing blocks of condensed chromatin and remnants of organelles. Thus, these images suggest that osteoblasts are able to engulf and degrade apoptotic bodies.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005 Sep
PMID:Osteoblasts engulf apoptotic bodies during alveolar bone formation in the rat maxilla. 1604 82

A 20-week-old male golden retriever, which was not lame and showed no clinical signs of a fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP), was euthanased for another study and perfused intravenously with formaldehyde. Gross dissection revealed no abnormalities within the right elbow joint. The medial coronoid process was excised, embedded in methylmethacrylate, scanned in a microcomputed tomography (microCT) scanner and sectioned for histology. The microCT scans revealed a dense trabecular bone structure, much denser than in other dogs of similar age, which was considered to be responsible for the sclerosis visible at the base of the coronoid process in radiographs. Three-dimensional reconstructions indicated that there was a small step within the subchondral bone, extending from the apex towards the radial notch. Histology revealed a necrotic lesion between locally thickened articular cartilage and the subchondral bone, characteristic of osteochondrosis.
Vet Rec 2005 Sep 24
PMID:Microcomputed tomography and histology of a fragmented medial coronoid process in a 20-week-old golden retriever. 1618 98

Methanol is a valuable raw material used in the manufacture of useful chemicals as well as a potential source of energy to replace coal and petroleum. Biotechnological interest in the microbial utilization of methanol has increased because it is an ideal carbon source and can be produced from renewable biomass. Formaldehyde, a cytotoxic compound, is a central metabolic intermediate in methanol metabolism. Therefore, microorganisms utilizing methanol have adopted several metabolic strategies to cope with the toxicity of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is initially detoxified through trapping by some cofactors, such as glutathione, mycothiol, tetrahydrofolate, and tetrahydromethanopterin, before being oxidized to CO2. Alternatively, free formaldehyde can be trapped by sugar phosphates as the first reaction in the C1 assimilation pathways: the xylulose monophosphate pathway for yeasts and the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway for bacteria. In yeasts, although formaldehyde generation and consumption takes place in the peroxisome, the cytosolic formaldehyde oxidation pathway also plays a role in formaldehyde detoxification as well as energy formation. The key enzymes of the RuMP pathway are found in a variety of microorganisms including bacteria and archaea. Regulation of the genes encoding these enzymes and their catalytic mechanisms depend on the physiological traits of these organisms during evolution.
Chem Rec 2005
PMID:Assimilation, dissimilation, and detoxification of formaldehyde, a central metabolic intermediate of methylotrophic metabolism. 1627 35

Concepts for ventricular function tend to assume that the majority of the myocardial cells are aligned with their long axes parallel to the epicardial ventricular surface. We aimed to validate the existence of aggregates of myocardial cells orientated with their long axis intruding obliquely between the ventricular epicardial and endocardial surfaces and to quantitate their amount and angulation. To compensate for the changing angle of the long axis of the myocytes relative to the equatorial plane of the ventricles with varying depths within the ventricular walls, the so-called helical angle, we used pairs of cylindrical knives of different diameters to punch semicircular slices from the left ventricular wall of pigs, the slices extending from the epicardium to the endocardium. The slices were pinned flat, fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained with azan or hematoxilin and eosin, and analyzed by a new semiautomatic procedure. We made use of new techniques in informatics to determine the number and angulation of the aggregates of myocardial cells cut in their long axis. The alignment of the myocytes cut longitudinally varied markedly between the epicardium and the endocardium. Populations of myocytes, arranged in strands, diverge by varying angles from the epicardial surface. When paired knives of decreasing diameter were used to cut the slices, the inclination of the diagonal created by the arrays increases, while the lengths of the array of cells cut axially decreases. The visualization of the size, shape, and alignment of the myocytic arrays at any side of the ventricular wall is determined by the radius of the knives used, the range of helical angles subtended by the alignment of the myocytes throughout the thickness of the wall, and their angulation relative to the epicardial surface. Far from the majority of the ventricular myocytes being aligned at angles more or less tangential to the epicardial lining, we found that three-fifths of the myocardial cells had their long axes diverging at angles between 7.5 and 37.5 degrees from an alignment parallel to the epicardium. This arrangement, with the individual myocytes supported by connective tissue, might control the cyclic rearrangement of the myocardial fibers. This could serve as an important control of both ventricular mural thickening and intracavitary shape.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 Jun
PMID:Three-dimensional architecture of the left ventricular myocardium. 1670 38


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