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Fertilized and unfertilized rabbit ova exposed to ruthenium red with the zona intact or after mechanical removal, for the demonstration of mucopolysaccharides on the surface coat. Ova were also exposed to Concanavalin A. Ruthenium red bound strongly to elements of the zona and increased the opacity of the plasmalemma. There was no notable change in staining of the vitellus following fertilization. Although there were ruthenium red stained bodies resembling cortical granules in crypts in the plasmalemma, there was no evidence for cortical granule extrusion of mucopolysaccharides. The Concanavalin reaction was seen over both unfertilized and fertilized ova, demonstrating receptors for terminal alpha-D-mannopyranosyl, alpha-D-glycopyranosyl, beta-D-fructofuranyosyl residues. The deposit on the fertilized egg surface was enormously enhanced indicating a change in the distribution of receptor sites.
Anat Rec 1975 Jan
PMID:The effect of ruthenium red and Concanavalin A on the vitelline surface of fertilized and unfertilized rabbit ova. 4 80

Fusing and non-fusing regions of neural folds from mouse embryos were examined during neurulation for the distribution of extracellular macromolecules (surface coats) prior to and at the time of closure. Ruthenium red staining of 10th day ICR/DUB mouse embryos was used to detect the distribution of surface coat material. Light microscopic examination of fusing and non-fusing regions in the midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord showed a consistent increase in ruthenium red positive material immediately prior to closure. Heavy deposits of positive staining material were present along apical neural fold borders and overlying ectoderm cells. This staining pattern was consistent in the three regions examined, but the pattern of initial contact between opposing neural folds differed. In mid- and hindbrain areas contact was initiated by overlying ectoderm, whereas in spinal cord regions contact was first established by neuroepithelial cells. Once contact between opposing neural folds was initiated a decrease in stainable material was observed.
Anat Rec 1978 Jul
PMID:Distribution of surface coat material on fusing neural folds of mouse embryos during neurulation. 67 88

Ruthenium red (RR) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were used to demonstrate the distribution of cell surface coat material (SCM) on the free epithelial surface of the developing lens vesicle in stages 14-17 (50-64 hours) chick embryos. Observations were made by light microscopy and transmission. (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. A progressive increase in SCM is observed on cellular apices within the epithelium of the lens vesicle by means of RR staining, particularly at the margins of the aperture which are the sites of presumptive fusion. In contrast, a relatively thin layer of SCM persist on the adjacent surface ectoderm. Ruthenium red-positive SCM extends across the aperture of the lens vesicle prior to initial contact between the advancing epithelial surfaces. The presence of abundant SCM is interpreted as a possible significant prerequisite to invagination and to epithelial adhesion and fusion prior to detachment of the lens from surface ectoderm. When CPC is added to the fixative, a flocculent precipitate over the aperture of the lens vesicle and an associated band of modified surface ectoderm which extends ventrally from its lower margin are observed. The modified ectoderm and associated SCM likely represent a presumptive region of active coordinated cellular migration.
Anat Rec 1981 Oct
PMID:Surface coat material associated with the cells of the developing lens vesicle in the chick embryo. 617 59

Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions of human term amniotic epithelium were examined by conventional thin-section electron microscopy, after staining with the cationic probes ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, and by freeze-fracture methods. Desmosomes were the predominant type of intercellular junction and often the most apical of the junctional types. In freeze-fracture replicas, desmosomes were characterized by roughly circular areas of large, often irregular, P-face intramembranous particles. Gap junctions were identified in the laterobasal regions between cells. In thin sections they were characterized by a narrow intercellular space, and in freeze-fracture replicas had a typical plaquelike arrangement of P-face intramembranous particles and E-face depressions. Hemidesmosomes at the basal cell surface were characterized by occasional large particles and clusters of particles on both the E and P fracture faces. No evidence of tight junctions was found. The apical cell surface was heavily stained by both ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, indicating the negatively charged nature of this surface. Ruthenium red penetrated between the epithelial cells and bound to anionic materials on the lateral cell surfaces, especially at the location of desmosomes. Below the base of the intercellular cleft, large ruthenium red-positive granules were present in the extracellular matrix. The possibility that the anionic substances in the intercellular region may contribute to the control of permeability in the amniotic epithelium is discussed.
Anat Rec 1982 May
PMID:Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions in human amniotic epithelium: an electron microscopic and freeze-fracture study. 710 27