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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A three-dimensional analysis to evaluate structural changes in cultured cardiac myocytes following adrenergic innervation was performed using stereological techniques formerly limited to cells in tissue and organs. Cell volumes were calculated for two groups of cells at 96 hours in culture: isolated myocytes and myocytes innervated with adrenergic neurons. Relative and absolute volumes of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell were quantified by systematically sampling sections throughout the cell and by point count sampling techniques. Volumetric estimates were similarly determined for the mitochondria, sarcomeres, and other cellular components in the cytoplasm. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and randomized block design to control for variation among the cultures. Adrenergic innervation produced a 44% increase in cell volume, X +/- SEM, (3,344 +/- 196 microns3 to 4,816 +/- 400 microns3, P = 0.007). The absolute volume of mitochondria significantly increased after innervation (521 +/- 42 microns3 to 744 +/- 54 microns3, P less than 0.01). Absolute sarcomere volume did not change significantly (750 +/- 92 microns3 to 642 +/- 1061 microns3, P = 0.14). Other cellular components, defined as all cytoplasmic components except mitochondria and sarcomeres, significantly increased with innervation (1,739 +/- 166 microns3 to 3,097 +/- 338 microns3, P = 0.02). The relative volume of the nucleus and the cytoplasm in the cell remained unchanged following innervation. However, the relative volume of mitochondria decreased by 6%, the percent of the cytoplasm occupied by the sarcomeres decreased by 44%, and the volume occupied by the other cellular components increased by 22%. These findings support the use of stereological analysis as a means to quantify cell volumes of cultured myocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1991 Oct
PMID:Application of stereological analysis of cell volume to isolated myocytes in culture with and without adrenergic innervation. 174 21

Sellers et al. (1979, Am. J. Phys., 237: E457-E464) proposed a pelvic flexure pacemaker mechanism to account for the bidirectional contraction waves needed to both retain ingesta within the right ventral colon for cellulose digestion and terminal fermentation and to transport the digesta distad once the process has been completed. To corroborate the presence of a pelvic flexure pacemaker, we prepared whole mount samples of the tunica muscularis from 23 horses at ten sites along the large colon, cecum and jejunum. Following smooth muscle enzymatic digestion, somata of the myenteric plexus were stained with an RNA-specific agent, Cuprolinic blue. These somata were quantified at each site to establish any regional variations in neuronal density. Results indicated an increased neuronal density at the level of the pelvic flexure, especially in the region of the left dorsal colon. The increased neuronal density at the left dorsal colon compared to the other sampling sites was statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P less than .01 at each sampling site). There was remarkable size variation (from 10-60 microns) among neurons at the individual sampling sites. However, no statistically significant size discrepancy existed between sampling sites (Friedman's rank test, P = .10). The 23 horses ranged from 6 months to 15 years of age. No age-related differences in neuronal density was discovered (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test, P greater than .05). Neuronal densities did not vary on the basis of sex (Wilcoxon signed pairs test, P greater than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1991 Jul
PMID:Equine myenteric plexus with special reference to the pelvic flexure pacemaker. 186 15

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the blood lactate (LA-) responses to hypoventilation induced by reduced frequency breathing (RFB) during recovery from exercise. Five male subject performed 16 4 min cycling bouts alternating with 16 min rest periods. Exercise intensities were chosen at power outputs corresponding to 30% VO2max at 2 mMLA-, VO2 at 4 mMLA-, and 90% VO2max in each subject. Breathing frequency was voluntarily controlled starting 10 s before each 3rd min of exercise and maintained throughout the rest of the exercise period. Four different breathing patterns at each exercise intensity were used: normal breathing (NB), breathing every 4 s, breathing every 8 s, and maximal RFB. Except for the NB trials, subjects held their breath at functional residual capacity during each breathing interval. The concentration difference of LA- between the 3rd min sample and the 4th min sample was defined as the lactate change during exercise (delta LA-ex), and that between the 4th min sample and the sample at the 3rd min after the end of the exercise as the lactate change during recovery (delta LA-rec). An ANOVA showed significant (p less than 0.05) differences in breathing procedures only in delta LA-rec. delta LA-rec seemed to increase as compared to NB only at VO2 at 4 mMLA- and 90% VO2max, while delta LA-ex remained unchanged as compared to NB in spite of reduced VA. These results might indicate that RFB inhibited lactate removal from working muscles during exercise.
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PMID:Delayed appearance of blood lactate with reduced frequency breathing during exercise. 313 87

Reproductive ability is decreased in aged animals and in men. Little is known about the changes taking place in the epididymis, and the possible influence on the loss of sperm quality. We studied the age-related alterations in the epididymis and in epididymal spermatozoa of hamsters. Adult (6-month-old), middle-aged (18-month-old), and aged (24-month-old) hamsters were used. Serum samples were obtained to determine testosterone levels. Testes and epididymides were removed and studied by light and electron microscopy. Epididymal sperm was also obtained and the motility, position of cytoplasmic droplet, and concentration were evaluated. Measurements of the height of the epithelium, length of stereocilia, external tubular diameter, and thickness of the muscular wall were performed. The proliferative activity was also studied. An ANOVA analysis was used to compare quantitative differences between epididymal zones and age groups. Aged hamsters presented involutive changes in the epididymis. A decrease in tubular diameter was found in cauda; principal cell ultrastructure showed changes including the appearance of damaged mitochondria, bundles of filaments, and the accumulation of lipofuscin. Some clear cells showed an unusual morphology by the presence of large electrondense vacuoles. A reduction in sperm quality was also observed, including a decrease in sperm motility and concentration, and alterations in the migration of sperm cytoplasmic droplet. Testosterone levels and cellular proliferative activity did not change. Aging causes a morphological alteration of hamster epididymis (mainly in the cauda), and a decrease in sperm quality.
Anat Rec 1999 12 01
PMID:Age-related changes in the hamster epididymis. 1058 20

Collagen fiber orientation is one aspect of the microstructure of bone that influences its mechanical properties. While the spatial distribution of preferentially oriented collagen is hypothesized to reflect the effects of loading during the process of aging, its variability in a modern human sample is essentially unknown. In a large sample (n = 67) of autopsied adults, the variability of collagen fiber orientation in the mid-shaft femur was examined in relation to age and sex. Montaged images of entire 100 microm thick cross-sections were obtained using circularly polarized light microscopy (CPLM) under standardized illuminating conditions. An automated image-analyzing routine divided images into 48 segments according to anatomical position. Average gray values (varying with orientation) were quantified for each segment, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc tests were applied to assess differences between segments. Collagen fiber orientation appeared to be nonrandomly distributed across the mid-shaft femur sample; however, no single "human" pattern was identified. Individual variation, unexplainable by age, sex, or body size, exceeded population-level trends. Differences between age and sex groups suggest there is a strong correspondence between collagen fiber orientation and tissue-type distributions. The minimal consistencies demonstrated here may reflect mechanical forces induced at the femoral mid-shaft. However, the myriad of other factors that may influence collagen fiber orientation patterning, including growth trajectories, metabolic and nutritional status, and disease states, must be explored further. Only then, in conjunction with studies of other structural and material properties of bone, will we be able to elucidate the linkages between microstructure and functional adaptation in the human mid-shaft femur.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003 May
PMID:Preferred collagen fiber orientation in the human mid-shaft femur. 1270 1

This study investigates the role of bone resorption in defining interdigitations characteristic of cranial suture waveform. Male mice from the CD-1 (ICR) background were analyzed at six age groups (n = 5 mice per group) in order to study the ontogenetic changes of osteoclast counts using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained histological sections of sagittal sutures. Additionally, the complexity of suture lines were measured ectocranially from the same age groups (n = 5 per group) using image capture and fractal geometry (ruler dimension method). The results suggest that osteoclast resorption is a contributor to suture patterning. Specifically, osteoclasts show the greatest activity along concave suture regions at 42 and 84 days (Kruskal-Wallis test statistic = 14.9; P < or = 0.01). This coincides with significant increases incrementally in suture complexity as measured with fractal dimension at 42 and 84 days of age (ANOVA F-statistic = 19.84; P < or = 0.001). In congruence with these data, mice given osteoclast-depleting injections of alendronate show a decrease in sagittal suture complexity. Data from this experiment indicate a positive relationship between suture complexity and osteoclast count (P < 0.01; r = 76%). Increases in suture complexity and osteoclast activity occur after peak rates of cranial width growth and coincide with weaning and the transition to a hard chow diet. These data demonstrate osteoclasts along the bone margin of the cranial suture and also indicate that sutures attain their complex shape at the same age when osteoclast number is highest along concave suture margins, underscoring the role of osteoclasts in generating the suture waveform pattern.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 May
PMID:Role of the osteoclast in cranial suture waveform patterning. 1660 42

Pericryptal fibroblasts (PFs), a class of myofibroblasts, have strongly been implicated in the regulation of villous structure because of their location close to crypts and their ability to secrete cytokines affecting intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Recently, mast cells (MCs) have also been involved in the homeostasis of villous architecture. As myofibroblasts arise in a wide variety of settings concurrently with a local increase in the number of tissue MCs, we calculated in this study the density of both PF and distinct pericryptal MC phenotypes in the mucosa of human duodenum showing normal, defective, or atrophic villous profiles. In addition, we evaluated the statistical association between PF-MC densities and each pattern of villous architecture. Finally, we correlated the density of PF with the density of pericryptal MC phenotypes. For this purpose, samples taken by endoscopy from 30 patients complaining of inflammatory bowel disorders were studied by immunohistochemistry. The densities of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive PFs as well as tryptase-, chymase-, and c-kit-positive MCs were determined in the crypt lamina propria. Villous architecture was found to be significantly associated with the number of PFs and tryptase-, chymase-, c-kit-positive MCs in the lamina propria (ANOVA group effect P < 0.001). High density of both PFs and MCs was found in intestinal samples with normal villous morphology while lower densities were associated with defective or atrophic villous profiles (Tukey's test for multiple comparison P < 0.001). In addition, a significant correlation was found between PF density and the density of each pericryptal MC phenotype (vs. tryptase-positive MCs, r = 0.913; vs. chymase-positive MC, r = 0.905; vs. c-kit-positive MC, r = 0.927; P < 0.001 in all cases). This study provides morphological support for an important cooperation between PFs and MCs in maintaining normal villous architecture.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 Jun
PMID:Number of pericryptal fibroblasts correlates with density of distinct mast cell phenotypes in the crypt lamina propria of human duodenum: implications for the homeostasis of villous architecture. 1665 53

Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the anterior and posterior lateral line system of larvae of the blind cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii. The investigations were conducted on 36 specimens belonging to three different ages of juvenile: 7, 14, and 28 days posthatching. The basic sensory unit of the mechanoreceptive system is a superficial "neuromast," which is composed of sensory hair cells (HCs) embedded in nonsensory support cells (SCs) frequently covered with a cupula. Head neuromasts had the longest cupulae. These organs presented the same structure and ultrastructure in the head and along the body of all specimens of P. andruzzii of different ages. Hair cells of neuromasts of P. andruzzii larvae were pear-shaped cells approximately 10-20 microm high and 3-5 microm in diameter. The nucleus of each hair cell was large and basally placed, the cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria and each HC had a single long kinocilium and several short stereocilia. The majority of SCs were elongated in shape and their nuclei occupied a significant portion of the cytoplasm. The support cells at the margin of the neuromast were particularly thin. Both types of support cells possessed well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The size and number of neuromasts and their component cells increased with the age of larvae (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The dimensions of the neuromasts of the anterior lateral line (head) did not differ significantly from those of the posterior lateral line (trunk) (ANOVA, P > 0.05).
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Mar
PMID:The lateral line system in larvae of the blind cyprinid cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii. 1924 70

The aim of this study is to conduct in vivo, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of labeled rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as they home into the site of injured common carotid artery following allograft transplantation. Our study was approved by the Institutional Committee on Animal Research. Purified rat BMSCs were dual labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle and fluorescent DiI dye, and subsequently transplanted into recipient rats injured in the left common carotid arteries. Immediately before and 3 hr, 3, 7 and 12 days after transplantation, the labeled cells were monitored in vivo using a 7T micromagnetic resonance imaging (7T micro-MRI) scanner. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at the injured sites were corroborated with histological examination using Prussian blue staining and fluorescent imaging. Rat BMSCs were labeled with SPIO and DiI at 100% efficiency. When compared with the baseline level before transplantation, the SNR decreased significantly on Days 3 and 7 after injection in the experimental group (Dunnet t test, P < 0.05), whereas insignificant differences were observed after 3 hr and 12 days (Dunnet t test, P > 0.05). In the control group, no significant differences in SNR were found among different time points (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Histological analyses illustrated that red fluorescence and Prussian blue-positive cells were mainly distributed around the lesion areas of injured common carotid arteries. Rat BMSCs can be efficiently labeled with SPIO and DiI, and the directional homing of labeled cells to the site of injured common carotid arteries after intravascular transplantation could be tracked in vivo with 7T micro-MRI.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Oct
PMID:In vivo tracking of dual-labeled mesenchymal stem cells homing into the injured common carotid artery. 1968 6

The search for criteria for aging non-mammalian fossil vertebrates has preoccupied paleobiologists in recent years. Previous studies of the long bones of pterosaurs and modern and subfossil birds as well as of cranial material of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs have documented variations in surface textures that seem to be ontogenetically related. In this study, long bones from the centrosaurine ceratopsid genera Centrosaurus, Einiosaurus, and Pachyrhinosaurus are examined to test the hypothesis that changes in bone surface textures and reduction of surface porosity could be correlated with size (and presumably age) classes, as has been previously documented in pterosaurs and birds. The data set includes 141 bones representing all six long bone elements, collected from monodominant centrosaurine bone beds. Bone surface patterns are documented by macroscopic visual examination, and a sequence of five texture classes ordered by decreasing surface porosity is described based on the common distributions of these patterns. Calculations of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients reveal significant correlations between texture class and size. The smallest bones are invariably associated with porous midshaft textures that grade to fibrous and long-grained patterns proximally and distally [Texture Class (TC) 1]. Post-hoc analysis after Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA on ranks confirms that the mean size of TC1 bones is, in most cases, significantly different than the mean size of bones in other texture classes. Results of this study suggest the presence of an ontogenetic surface textural signal in centrosaurine long bones; however, comparison of texture classes with size-independent maturity criteria is needed to clarify further the potential ontogenetic significance of higher texture classes.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Sep
PMID:Evaluation of long bone surface textures as ontogenetic indicators in centrosaurine ceratopsids. 1971 83


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