Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dicalcium phosphate was prepared from industrial crushed bone artificially contaminated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents in two experiments carried out in an accurately scaled-down laboratory model of the industrial manufacturing process. In one experiment, 10 g of mouse brain infected with the 301V strain of mouse-passaged bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent was added to the crushed bone; in the other experiment, 10 g of hamster brain infected with the 263K strain of hamster-passaged scrapie agent was added. Samples of the infectious brain and dried dicalcium phosphate were assayed for the amount of 301V or 263K infectivity present. The titre of infectivity of the 301V-infected brain was 10(7.7) intracerebral ID50/g; that of the 263K-infected brain was 10(8.0) intracerebral ID50/g. The titres of the dried samples of dicalcium phosphate were 10(2.5) ID50/g in the experiment spiked with 301V and 10(2.7) ID50/g in the experiment spiked with 263K. The calculated clearance factors were 10(3.9) for the experiment with 301V and 10(3.8) for the experiment with 263K.
Vet Rec 2006 Mar 18
PMID:Inactivation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents during the manufacture of dicalcium phosphate from bone. 1654 82

Two isozymes of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase are partitioned into plastid (DS-Mn) and cytosolic (DS-Co) compartments of at least several higher plants (RA Jensen 1986 Rec Adv Phytochem 20: 257-258). Differential variation of isozyme levels and in the timing of their expression was observed during growth of Nicotiana silvestris in suspension culture. The ratio of DS-Co to DS-Mn varied about fivefold in comparison of the different physiological stages of growth. Cultures maintained in exponential phase for >10 generations (EE cells) possessed balanced-growth properties and did not exhibit the considerable variation of isozyme levels found during the initial 2 to 3 generations of exponential growth (E cells) that followed subculture of stationary-phase cultures. The plastid isozyme level declined substantially in stationary phase, responded immediately to subculture, and reached a peak in early exponential growth similar to the steady-state level of DS-Mn in EE cells. In contrast, the cytosolic isozyme level peaked in late exponential growth. A recent history of stationary-phase physiology appeared to foster elevated synthesis of DS-Co since the steady-state level of DS-Co in EE cells was much lower than in E cells.
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PMID:Response of Cytosolic-Isozyme and Plastid-Isozyme Levels of 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-Heptulosonate 7-Phosphate Synthase to Physiological State of Nicotiana silvestris in Suspension Culture. 1666 75

Between April 1999 and March 2004, metabolic profile analyses were performed on individual blood samples from 35,506 dairy cattle in the UK. Assessment of the cows' energy status by the analysis of plasma samples for beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids showed that 70.4 per cent of the cows in early lactation (10 to 20 days calved), 57.1 per cent of the cows in mid-lactation (51 to 120 days calved) and 57.7 per cent of the dry cows within 10 days of their predicted calving date had one or more energy metabolites outside the optimum range; in addition, 16 per cent of the cows in early lactation, 5.6 per cent of those in mid-lactation and 20.5 per cent of the dry cows within 10 days of their predicted calving date had a low plasma urea nitrogen concentration, indicating poor intakes of effective rumen-degradable protein. Abnormalities in the concentrations of magnesium, inorganic phosphate, copper, selenium and iodine were relatively uncommon. The transitional period, particularly in late pregnancy, was commonly identified as a constraint on productivity. Nutritional problems were most commonly associated with poor feed intakes and poor feed management, rather than with the formulation of the rations.
Vet Rec 2006 Nov 11
PMID:Use of metabolic profiles for the assessment of dietary adequacy in UK dairy herds. 1709 73

D-Aspartate is one of a few D-amino acids that attracted attention at an early date, since it was detected in various tissues of mammals as a protein component. The occurrence of free D-aspartate in nature was recognized a little later, and raised questions about its physiological functions and metabolism. This amino acid has been gradually accepted, based on various experimental observations, to be a physiological substrate of D-aspartate oxidase, whose role had been considered enigmatic since its early discovery in the 1940s. Mammalian enzymes that serve to liberate D-aspartyl residue in proteins have been identified. One enzyme hydrolyzes peptide bond at the amino side of D-aspartyl residue in a dipeptide and another enzyme hydrolyzes that at the carbonyl side of the residue in proteins. The first pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent aspartate racemase has been purified and cloned from a bivalve species. The enzyme supports the high contents of D-aspartate comparable to those of L-aspartate in the bivalve, and the enantiomers are consumed when hypoxia is imposed on the bivalve. In some yeast species, assimilation of D-aspartate has been found to depend on inducible D-aspartate oxidase, which also serves to detoxify acidic D-amino acids.
Chem Rec 2006
PMID:Occurrence and functions of free D-aspartate and its metabolizing enzymes. 1710 87

The radiological features of 65 rabbits with suspected renal disease are reviewed. The radiological features included a generalised increase in bone opacity (osteosclerosis), renomegaly, nephroliths, ureteroliths and soft tissue mineralisation. One or more of these changes were present on radiographs of 57 of the 65 rabbits. Renal disease was suspected because of the clinical signs and the presence of kidney stones and/or high blood concentrations of urea and creatinine. Significant renal disease was confirmed in 14 cases that were examined postmortem. Blood urea and creatinine concentrations were measured in 47 cases but not all the rabbits had high levels of both. Blood calcium concentration was high in 33 of the 38 rabbits in which it was measured. Serum phosphate was high in 17 and low in five of 34 rabbits in which it was measured. Hyperphosphataemia was associated with generalised osteosclerosis and aortic calcification. Rabbits with osteosclerosis were thin, depressed and unwilling to move. Thirty-eight of 41 rabbits that were tested were seropositive for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Histological lesions suggestive of E cuniculi infection were found in all 13 cases that were examined postmortem, although the organisms were visible in only one case.
Vet Rec 2007 Jun 09
PMID:Radiographic signs of renal disease in rabbits. 1755 26

Chemical reactions and processes often involve chiral, yet racemic, cationic reagents, intermediates, or products. To afford instead nonracemic or enantiopure compounds, an asymmetric ion pairing of the cations with enantiopure anions can be considered--the counter ions behaving as asymmetric auxiliaries, ligands, or reagents. Detailed herein is a short review of our approach toward gaining reliable and predictable control over stereoselective ion pairing phenomena through the synthesis and use of novel configurationally stable hexacoordinated phosphate anions.
Chem Rec 2007
PMID:Hexacoordinated phosphates: how to teach old chiral anions new asymmetric tricks. 1792 40

Klotho-deficient mice exhibit multiple pathological conditions resembling human aging. Our previous study showed alterations in the distribution of osteocytes and in the bone matrix synthesis in klotho-deficient mice. Although the bone and tooth share morphological features such as mineralization processes and components of the extracellular matrix, little information is available on how klotho deletion influences tooth formation. The present study aimed to elucidate the altered histology of incisors of klotho-deficient mice-comparing the findings with those from their wild-type littermates, by using immunohistochemistry for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) detection for apoptosis, and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis on calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and magnesium (Mg). Klotho-deficient incisors exhibited disturbed layers of odontoblasts, predentin, and dentin, resulting in an obscure dentin-predentinal border at the labial region. Several odontoblast-like cells without ALP activity were embedded in the labial dentin matrix, and immunopositivity for DMP-1 and osteopontin was discernible in the matrix surrounding these embedded odontoblast-like cells. TUNEL detection demonstrated an apoptotic reaction in the embedded odontoblast-like cells and pulpal cells in the klotho-deficient mice. EPMA revealed lower concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg in the klotho-deficient dentin, except for the dentin around abnormal odontoblast-like cells. These findings suggest the involvement of the klotho gene in dentinogenesis and its mineralization.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 Feb
PMID:Involvement of the klotho protein in dentin formation and mineralization. 1808 32

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the weight, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression, and ultrastructure of the soleus muscle in growing castrated rats treated with testosterone or melatonin. In this study, adult male Wistar albino rats were used. The groups were arranged as sham, castrated, and testosterone- or melatonin-injected groups after castration. The soleus muscle samples were fixed in Bouin's solution for immunohistochemistry, and in 2.5% gluteraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Whereas castration reduced the soleus weight and fiber diameter, testosterone and melatonin administration increased them. IGF-I immunostaining observed in the satellite cells and periphery of the myofibers was least intense in the castrated group. Strong staining of IGF-I was observed in the testosterone- and melatonin-administered groups. The ultrastructure of the soleus muscle in castrated animals showed the important ultrastructural modifications related to degeneration. In these groups, degenerative mitochondria, glycogen clusters under the sarcolemma, irregular Z lines, and loss of lamina externa were observed. The ultrastructure of myofibrils in the testosterone- and melatonin-injected groups was similar to that in sham groups in view of structure. In conclusion, we suggest that melatonin is as effective as testosterone in the prevention of atrophy induced by castration through the IGF-I axis.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 Apr
PMID:Melatonin is as effective as testosterone in the prevention of soleus muscle atrophy induced by castration in rats. 1829 75

Polyisoprenoid alcohols (polyprenols and dolichols) are linear polymers of from several up to more than 100 isoprene units identified in almost all living organisms. Studies of their chemical structures have resulted in the discovery of new variants such as the recently described alloprenols with reversed configuration of the double bond in the alpha-isoprene unit. In parallel, structural elucidation of metabolically labeled plant dolichols has indicated that both the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways are involved in the biosynthesis of dolichols in roots, leading to the construction of a spatial model of their biosynthesis. According to this model, in root cells, synthesis of the dolichol molecule is initiated in the plastids, and the resulting intermediates, oligoprenyl diphosphates, are exported to the cytoplasm and are elongated up to the desired chain length. The metabolic consequences of this putative model are discussed in the context of the enzymatic machinery involved.
Chem Rec 2008
PMID:Polyisoprenoid alcohols--recent results of structural studies. 1830 78

It was the aim of this study to investigate the distribution of Ca, P, and C in predentin, mineralizing dentin, and mature dentin of human tooth buds and compare these results with those of zebrafish (Danio rerio) teeth using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) element analysis. The mandible of a 16-week-old human fetus containing 6 mineralizing tooth buds and three complete heads of zebrafish were fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in Technovit 9100. Serial sections of 80-microm thickness were cut in frontal-dorsal direction, and from these sections, polarized light micrographs were taken. The sections with tooth buds were then investigated with scanning electron microscopy, and EDX element analysis was performed with a Philips XL 30 FEG scanning microscope and an EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray system using spot measurements, EDX line-scans and element mapping. Quantitative measurements were made in predentin, mineralizing dentin adjacent to predentin, and mature dentin. The Ca and P content increased rapidly from outer predentin toward mineralizing dentin in human tooth buds and in zebrafish teeth. The Ca/P ratio was different for predentin and dentin areas, reflecting different calcium phosphate compositions in predentin and fully mineralized dentin. Because of the similarities between human tooth buds and zebrafish teeth, it can be concluded that the zebrafish tooth development may be an excellent model for studying biomineralization processes during odontogenesis.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 May
PMID:Comparative qualitative and quantitative assessment of biomineralization of tooth development in man and zebrafish (Danio rerio). 1838 76


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