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The effects of a number of steroid hormone treatments on growth were examined in a trial involving 204 Friesian-type steers which was carried out over an 11 month period from May to April. The animals were at pasture from May until October and were over-wintered indoors on grass silage and supplementary concentrates. Thirty-four animals were used as untreated controls, and there were four treatment groups: 43 steers were implanted with pellet-type implants containing 20 mg oestradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone on days 1, 105 and 187; 47 steers were implanted with a single silastic rubber implant containing 45 mg oestradiol-17 beta; 36 steers received treatment (1) and in addition were implanted on the same days with 300 mg trenbolone acetate; 44 steers received treatment (2) and were also implanted with 300 mg trenbolone acetate on days 1, 105 and 187. The mean liveweight gains (+/- sem) of the steers during the first 249 days of the trial were 201.7 kg for the controls and 236.8, 219.4, 254.4 and 247.8 (+/- 6.1) kg for the steers assigned to treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The corresponding values for the carcase weights (+/- sem) were 300.0 kg for the controls and 318.4, 312.0, 327.9 and 321.6 (+/- 3.5) kg for the treated groups. Although all the treatments increased the liveweight gains and carcase weights significantly compared with the controls, the responses to the silastic rubber implants were smaller owing primarily to an apparently high rate of loss of the implants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1986 Oct 25
PMID:Effects of long acting and short acting oestradiol implants on growth rate and carcase weight of steers. 378 3

The subcellular distribution of esterases was studied in mouse epididymis by using 5-bromo-indoxyl-acetate as a substrate. In all the cells of the duct, a low level of esterase activity was detected except in one of the five segments of the head--segment IV; in one of the three types of apical cells--the "prominent cells"; and in the "clear cells" scattered in the middle and distal parts. In these cells, the intensity of the reaction was high. The reaction product was consistently found in the endoplasmic reticulum and was more abundant in cells showing a high level of activity than in others. In cells with low esterase activity, the reaction was mainly restricted to this organelle. In highly active cells, the spectrum of subcellular locations was selectively enlarged and esterase was demonstrated in almost all cell compartments, including the cell membrane, nuclear envelope, mitochondria, lytic structures, and, more rarely in the Golgi apparatus or microvilli. These locations were dependent on cell type. A weak enzyme activity also appeared on mature spermatozoa.
Anat Rec 1986 Feb
PMID:Subcellular distribution of the nonspecific esterase in the mouse epididymis with special reference to regional differences. 395 68

Eleven ewes with pregnancy toxaemia were monitored clinically and biochemically after daily treatment with trenbolone acetate (30 mg) and propylene glycol (twice daily 100 ml), for at least one week. The clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia at first examination were less severe than those described in ewes in other countries. After the first treatment, the appetite improved in nine ewes, blood glucose levels increased in 10 ewes and blood ketone body concentrations decreased in nine animals. A statistically significant decrease in mean ketone body levels was found between the day of first examination and the second day thereafter. Four animals recovered before lambing (group 1). One animal lambed one day after the first treatment and recovered. In the remaining ewes clinical and biochemical improvement did not last long. Three of these animals did not recover until after lambing (group 2) and three animals died (group 3). In three animals of group 2 and two animals of group 3 an increase of serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase was found. In two necropsied animals of group 3 a severe fatty degeneration of the liver was found. Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia with trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol appeared to have some positive effect in mild cases. In more advanced cases the time of parturition is the crucial factor leading to recovery.
Vet Rec 1985 Mar 16
PMID:Effects of trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol on pregnancy toxaemia in ewes. 399 31

The degree of metachromasia of mast cell granules is known to vary with the type of tissue fixation and among different tissues and species. The present study sought to determine whether mast cells in dog skin are heterogeneous with respect to fixation and staining properties. We performed skin biopsies in six anesthetized, atopic dogs and one mongrel dog. One biopsy was fixed in formalin and a second, from a parallel abdominal site, was fixed in basic lead acetate (Mota's solution). Adjacent sections from each biopsy were stained with alcian blue (1%, pH 0.5) or for chloroacetate esterase activity. In alcian blue-stained sections, one-third fewer mast cells were detected in skin fixed in formalin (1,836 +/- 454 mast cells/mm3, mean +/- SEM) than in skin fixed in basic lead acetate (2,684 +/- 527 mast cells/mm3) (P less than 0.05). The chloroacetate esterase reaction detected the larger number of mast cells regardless of the fixative used. We conclude that mast cell heterogeneity, as demonstrated by metachromatic staining following different types of tissue fixation, exists in dog skin. "Typical" mast cells stain with alcian blue regardless of fixation; however, "atypical" mast cells exhibit metachromasia only after fixation in basic lead acetate. Both the typical and atypical types of mast cells have chloroacetate esterase activity.
Anat Rec 1985 Dec
PMID:Mast cell heterogeneity in dog skin. 408 28

The ultrastructure of serous cells from porcine tracheal submucosal glands was studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by cytochemical methods to stain for complex carbohydrates. In tissue fixed and processed for TEM, and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, the condensing granules of serous cells occasionally possessed a hexagonal and sometimes a lamellar substructure. Tissue fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde and stained with periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PTS) or with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) showed secretory granules stained for complex carbohydrates and revealed a substructure similar to that noted in the condensing granules. The dark staining substructure revealed by either the PTS or the PTA technique appeared to correspond to electron-lucent areas observed in the condensing granules by conventional TEM. The PTS staining probably demonstrated the presence of neutral glycoprotein, since the serous-cell granules did not react with a dialyzed iron stain for acidic glycoproteins. Treatment of periodic acid oxidized thin sections with pronase or pepsin prior to thiocarbohydrazide and silver proteinate treatment decreased the intensity of the PTS staining, but did not digest away any components of the granules. The substructure revealed by the carbohydrate stains may be a reflection of the mechanism of packaging or the macromolecular structure of the glycoproteins in the serous-cell granules.
Anat Rec 1982 Jul
PMID:Substructure of granules from serous cells of porcine tracheal submucosal glands. 618 18

Enamel crystallites are electron opaque without osmium or heavy metal staining and give a crystalline electron diffraction pattern. Since the opacity and diffraction pattern are abolished from ultrathin sections of young enamel by floating on distilled water (Bishop and Warshawsky, 1982), the possibility that aqueous staining may also remove crystallites was tested. In addition, the effect of osmium postfixation on crystallite structure was examined. Rat incisors fixed by perfusion with a mixture of aldehydes were either nonosmicated or osmicated prior to dehydration. Incisor segments in the region of inner enamel secretion were embedded in the same Epon block to ensure reliable comparison. Osmicated enamel was more intensely stained with toluidine blue and more electron opaque than nonosmicated enamel. No other structural differences were seen. However, crystallites in osmicated enamel were more resistant to grid demineralization and electron beam damage. Routine staining was done by floating sections on solutions of uranyl acetate and lead citrate; sections were also floated on similar solutions from which the heavy metals were omitted. These solutions removed the electron opaque crystallites from the youngest enamel. Stained sections showed electron opaque crystallite-like structures similar to unstained enamel. When sections that were extracted by the solutions from which the metals were omitted were restained, they appeared identical to routinely stained enamel. It was concluded that staining of young enamel removes the crystallites and reveals only the organic matrix.
Anat Rec 1983 Sep
PMID:The effect of osmium postfixation and uranyl and lead staining on the ultrastructure of young enamel in the rat incisor. 619 43

A trial was carried out using 490, 12- to 15-month-old steers which were at pasture from April to November and then housed and fed grass silage and concentrates until sold live or slaughtered. Animals were allocated at random to one of the following treatments: (i) Control; (ii) implanted with 45 mg oestradiol -17 beta in silastic rubber in April; (iii) implanted with oestradiol in April and with 300 mg trenbolone acetate in April, August and November; (iv) implanted with 36 mg zeranol in April, August and November and (v) implanted with zeranol and trenbolone acetate in April, August and November. Daily liveweight gains were 0.69, 0.75, 0.78, 0.83 and 0.86 (+/- 0.02) kg, and carcase weights were 300, 306, 311, 316 and 321 (+/- 3.4) kg, for treatments (i) to (v), respectively. All implanted animals had significantly higher daily gains than control animals and an additive response was obtained where trenbolone acetate was used with oestradiol or zeranol. Pooled results for animals treated with oestradiol plus zeranol, with or without trenbolone acetate, show that the overall response for zeranol treated animals was higher than from the animals treated with oestradiol. Daily gains after the first, second and third implant period show a reduced response from the oestradiol implant for the final 63 days of the trial. This may have been caused by loss of some oestradiol implants from animals early in the trial.
Vet Rec 1984 Feb 25
PMID:Effect of long or short acting anabolic agents, given singly or repeated, on growth rate and carcase weight of steers. 636 58

The vole, Microtus agrestis, was chosen for this study of mast cells during early pregnancy because this species does not show spontaneous estrous cycles. Mast cell numbers in the uterus are known to vary during the estrous cycle in some species (rat, cow, Syrian hamster). Mast cell changes during early pregnancy in the vole could not reflect hormonal changes which had occurred during a preceding estrous cycle. Mast cells in the uterus (myometrium, endometrium, and mesometrial triangle) and ear skin were examined at 0 hours (virgin, estrus) and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours postcoitum (p.c.). The stain used was 0.06% toluidine blue in 0.12 M Michaelis's veronal acetate-hydrochloric acid buffer at pH 4.5. The number of mast cells observed in the uterus was not significantly affected when the nondehydrating fixative used routinely ( Helly 's solution) was substituted by a dehydrating fixative (Carnoy's solution without chloroform). The number of mast cells in the myometrium decreased from 0 to 72 hours p.c. and increased from 72 to 96 hours p.c. There was no significant variation in mast cell numbers in the endometrium. The number of mast cells in ear skin and in the mesometrial triangle decreased from 0 to 48 hours p.c. An increase occurred from 48 to 96 hours p.c. in ear skin and from 72 to 96 hours p.c. in the mesometrium.
Anat Rec 1984 Apr
PMID:Observations on uterine mast cells during early pregnancy in the vole, Microtus agrestis. 637 59

Central catecholamine (CA) neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) were studied in Wistar rats that had been unilaterally nephrectomized. The experimental animals were then treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt water. The control animals were treated with the vehicle and tap water. Blood pressure of animals 4 weeks after DOCA/salt treatment was significantly elevated when compared to control rats. Morphologically, CA terminals showed no noticeable changes in the DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. Furthermore, the density of CA terminals either in the NTS or in the PVN of the DOCA/salt hypertensive rats was not statistically different from that of normotensive controls, suggesting that salt does not cause lesions or destruction of CA terminals. However, an extensive electron-microscopic morphometric analysis indicated that there was an enhancement of CA synaptogenesis (expressed by increased synaptic frequency among all CA boutons labeled with 5-hydroxydopamine) in the PVN, but not in the NTS of DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography revealed decreased CA contents in the PVN, but not in the NTS, of DOCA/salt hypertensive animals. Since synapses are primary sites for neurotransmitter release, the above results collectively suggest that more CA synapses formed in the PVN may reflect a net CA release from CA terminals resulting in the decreased CA content in the axonal terminals. Such an increased CA release and enhanced CA synaptogenesis may consequently enhance CA function in the PVN of hypertensive rats 4 weeks after DOCA/salt treatment, and relate to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension in the DOCA/salt rats.
Anat Rec 1984 Aug
PMID:Catecholamine synapses and contents in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. 647 21

Sciatic nerves from young mice were incubated for 2-8 hours in 0.5% Triton X-100 in 0.5 M ammonium acetate, a solution which solubilizes the large and small basic proteins of the myelin sheath. As previously noted (Peterson and Gruener, 1978), myelin sheaths from treated nerves extensively split and unravelled along major dense lines. Small focal areas of compact myelin remained. In freeze-fracture replicas, areas of myelin with lamellar splitting contained few intramembranous particles, while membrane areas with greater than normal densities of particles were associated with the patches of compact myelin membrane. Fixation for as short a time as 15 minutes stabilized the myelin membrane enough to prevent the Triton X-100 effects, even when incubations were extended to 20 hours. Controls, both untreated and 0.5 M ammonium acetate-treated nerves, had predominantly compact myelin sheaths; their leaflets were covered with numerous intramembranous particles. The data suggest that Triton X-100 alters the compact structure of peripheral nervous system myelin. In areas where lamellae are split and separated, there is a loss of intramembranous particles. It appears that the loss of intramembranous particles is related to the removal of the basic proteins which are located in major dense line regions of compact myelin sheaths.
Anat Rec 1983 Dec
PMID:Electron microscopic study of intramembranous changes in protein-extracted peripheral nervous system myelin. 667 Jul 54


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