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A technique was developed for observing the ovaries of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) restrained in a standing position using a laparoscope (10 mm diameter, 600 mm length) inserted in the right paralumbar fossa after sedation with xylazine and local infiltration anaesthesia. Insufflation of the abdominal cavity with carbon dioxide was necessary to pass the laparoscope along the body wall to the pelvic inlet where both ovaries could be examined in detail with a manipulating probe inserted ipsilaterally. Twenty-one buffaloes were subjected to 50 laparoscopic examinations without infections or adverse reactions. Laparoscopy was a simple, reliable and rapid technique for repeated observation of the ovaries in the buffalo.
Vet Rec 1982 Jul 10
PMID:A laparoscopic technique for in vivo observation of ovaries in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). 621 87

The formation of intestinal villi (organogenesis phase) may be studied in organ culture with a completely synthetic medium in 15-day fetal mouse duodenal explants. However, in these explants absorptive cells remained poorly differentiated with all the hormones studied except with epidermal growth factor. In order to elucidate the role of hormones and other factors on the maturation of absorptive cells (maturation phase) in the fetal rodent in organ culture, we have taken the explants after the organogenesis phase. We have studied different culture conditions and have found that 17-day mouse duodenal explants can be cultured during 48 hours with Leibovitz L-15 medium in a 95% O2-5% CO2 atmosphere provided that the explants are relatively large (5 X 2 mm). With this method, dexamethasone (Dx) has been shown to have a direct effect on the maturation of the fetal duodenal mucosa. The addition of Dx (300 ng/ml) to the completely synthetic medium 1) improves the morphology of the explants, 2) induces a significant increase in maltase activity in the tissues, and 3) reduces significantly the labeling index of the duodenal explants after 48 hours of culture. Direct action of Dx on the duodenal mucosa is shown for the first time in organ culture using a completely synthetic medium. This method will permit us to study the effects of other intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the regulation of enzymatic maturation in fetal small intestine.
Anat Rec 1984 Sep
PMID:Effect of dexamethasone on the fetal mouse small intestine in organ culture. 638 76

Thirty-four cultures recovered from material of bovine origin in England, Scotland and Wales were identified unequivocally as Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19). All had the properties of carbon dioxide-independent B abortus biotype 1 strains, were inhibited by penicillin G and thionin blue at standard concentrations and behaved in oxidative metabolism and guinea pig virulence tests as typical S19. Their sensitivity to i-erythritol varied somewhat between cultures as did reference subcultures of S19. Of the total number of isolates, 11 were recovered from abortion material or cyetic products, 10 were from calves which died from a hypersensitivity reaction within 24 hours of S19 vaccination and the remainder were from milk or internal organs. From the evidence available, there is little to suggest that calfhood vaccination with S19 has resulted in persistent systemic infection in other than a very small proportion of the animals inoculated.
Vet Rec 1981 Jan 31
PMID:Characterisation of Brucella abortus strain 19 cultures isolated from vaccinated cattle. 678 43

Phenylbutazone administered in therapeutic doses to ponies decreased urinary sodium and chloride excretion. The volume and osmolality of the urine was unaffected as was potassium excretion. Faecal excretion of chloride decreased and that of potassium increased, while faecal sodium excretion was unaffected. Plasma pH, bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide decreased after phenylbutazone administration. Packed cell volume, plasma sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide tension and chloride were unchanged.
Vet Rec 1982 Mar 20
PMID:Effect of phenylbutazone on electrolyte metabolism in ponies. 708 Apr 16

The effects of combining large doses of xylazine (1.1 mg per kg intravenously) with ketamine, methohexitone and thiopentone were studied in four experimental ponies. Onset of anaesthesia was more delayed after ketamine than after the barbiturates. Assessment of smoothness of induction and recovery indicated that all three combinations were effective and acceptable. Injection of xylazine was followed by atrioventricular (A-V) block which could be prevented by the prior administration of atropine. Blood pressure was well maintained with all three combinations of drugs. Arterial oxygen tension decreased as soon as the ponies became recumbent but there were no marked changes in arterial blood pH or carbon dioxide tension. Cardiac output was measured in one pony and was found to be least affected by ketamine. There was no great difference between the recumbency times after ketamine and methohexitone but thiopentone produced a significantly longer period of recumbency. In every instance the animals stood at the first attempt without struggling or excitement. The ability of the three drug combinations to produce surgically useful anaesthesia was not tested.
Vet Rec 1980 Sep 13
PMID:Intravenous anaesthesia in horses after xylazine premedication. 725 99

Samples of faeces and serum were collected from pigs of various ages on 21 farms. Faecal samples were cultured on trypticase soy agar containing 5% citrated bovine blood and 400 microgram per ml spectinomycin, incubated at 42 degrees C in Gaspak jars under an atmosphere of 80% hydrogen: 20% carbon dioxide. Antibody titres to Treponema hyodysenteriae were determined by a microtitration agglutination method using merthiolate-inactivated whole cell antigen prepared from a beta- haemolytic isolate. Results indicated that mean titres in pigs from which beta- haemolytic T hyodysenteriae was isolated were significantly higher than in pigs which yielded isolates of weak beta- haemolytic T innocens or in culturally negative pigs (P less than 0.0225). Mean titres of herds where beta- haemolytic T hyodysenteriae was isolated were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than the mean titres of either of the other two groups. However, mean titres of herds where no isolates were obtained were not significantly different from mean titres of herds where weak beta- haemolytic T innocens was isolated.
Vet Rec 1980 Mar 15
PMID:Comparison of selective culture and serologic agglutination of Treponema hyodysenteriae for diagnosis of swine dysentery. 736 91

In experiments with carbon monoxide euthanasia in 30 piglets, carbon monoxide was administered rapidly (five to 10 minutes), slowly (45 minutes) or in combination with nitrous oxide (15 minutes). When carbon monoxide was administered at a fast flow rate, visual signs of severe excitation were observed (sometimes before unconsciousness). With low carbon monoxide flow rates, and in particular, when carbon monoxide was combined with nitrous oxide, excitation was less evident and only occurred after unconsciousness.
Vet Rec 1980 Jul 19
PMID:Euthanasia of young pigs with carbon monoxide. 744 65

The efficacy for the euthanasia of day-old chicks of mixtures of carbon dioxide and air, or carbon dioxide and argon containing 1, 2 or 5 per cent residual oxygen, or argon containing 1 or 2 per cent residual oxygen was tested in three experiments. The time to the onset of unconsciousness of individual chicks, determined from the time to loss of posture, was similar during their exposure to 2 per cent oxygen in argon, 20, 30 or 40 per cent carbon dioxide in argon with 2 per cent residual oxygen, or 90 per cent carbon dioxide in air. The exposure of chicks in batches of 20 to a mixture of 20, 30 or 40 per cent carbon dioxide in argon resulted in the death of all the chicks within two minutes. However, a residual oxygen level of 5 per cent in these mixtures resulted in the survival of some chicks for longer than two minutes. With argon alone the level of residual oxygen was critical; less than 2 per cent was essential to achieve 100 per cent mortality within three minutes, and a rise from 2 to about 3 per cent resulted in up to 20 per cent of the chicks surviving for seven minutes.
Vet Rec 1995 Mar 25
PMID:Euthanasia of day-old chicks with carbon dioxide and argon. 779 36

Spontaneous electroencephalograms (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPS) were recorded in turkeys while they were kept in an atmosphere of either 49 or 86 per cent carbon dioxide in air. The time to the loss of SEPS was not related to the concentration of carbon dioxide, but the time to the onset of an isoelectric EEG was shorter at the higher concentration of carbon dioxide. In comparison with other gas stunning methods it was considered that stunning with these high concentrations of carbon dioxide would not have any welfare advantages over stunning in argon with 2 per cent residual oxygen or in a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air.
Vet Rec 1994 Sep 03
PMID:An evaluation of humane gas stunning methods for turkeys. 780 37

Turkey hens were stunned by inducing anoxia with either argon (with approximately 2 per cent residual oxygen) or 30 per cent carbon dioxide in argon with 2 per cent residual oxygen, and the carcases were bled either immediately or five or 10 minutes after they had been stunned. A control group of turkeys was stunned electrically (250 mA for about four seconds) and had their necks cut immediately after stunning. The amount of blood lost was measured and expressed as a percentage of liveweight. The results showed that the necks of gas-stunned turkeys can be cut up to 10 minutes after they have been stunned without reducing the total blood loss significantly.
Vet Rec 1994 Sep 10
PMID:Effect of the method of stunning and the interval between stunning and neck cutting on blood loss in turkeys. 781 49


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