Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Epithelial cells of the several subtypes that comprise the small-granule cell population of the respiratory system are little studied, partly because adequate silver, monoamine fluorescence and other specific light microscopical preparations have been more difficult to obtain than in the gut and other organs possessing diffuse endocrine systems. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in combination with MacConaill-Solcia's lead hematoxylin has in our hands proven dependable for routine staining of serial 2-micrometer glycol methacrylate sections used in mapping the distributions of these cells along the airway. In lungs of mice, hamsters, kittens, and fetal rabbits, typical small-granule cells stain weakly or not at all with lead hematoxylin alone, hence are easily overlooked. PAS adds to the cytoplasm a diffuse magenta coloration; and because it is diastase-resistant, less brilliant than that of mucus but more so than bronchiolar cell secretions, and finer textured than lysosomal staining of other cells present, the effect is to highlight small-granule cells whether solitary or in clusters. Additional PAS staining of basement membranes and lead hematoxylin staining of cilia enhance the combined stain's resolving power. In thyroid gland, parafollicular cells stand out boldly against follicular elements; in small intestine, hematoxylin-positive endocrine cells are well differentiated from absorptive, mucous, and Paneth cells that surround them. Using a complementary monoamine fluorescence technique on plastic sections of lungs from control and 5-hydroxytryptophan-pretreated animals prior to staining, we can show that fluorescent epithelial cells are identical with those stained by PAS-lead hematoxylin.
Anat Rec 1978 Oct
PMID:PAS-lead hematoxylin as a stain for small-granule endocrine cell populations in the lungs, other pharyngeal derivatives and the gut. 8 11

A highly specific serotonin binding protein (SBP) has been found in serotonergic neurons in both brain and gut. This protein has an extremely high affinity for serotonin and may be a storage protein. Serotonin is found in many endocrine cells, including parafollicular cells of the sheep thyroid, as well as in neurons. SBP is also present in sheep thyroid. The present study was done to localize the protein in the gland. Thyroid glands were divided into five segments. Concentrations of serotonin and SBP, as well as parafollicular cell volume were measured in each. Serotonin was assayed by enzymatic conversion to melatonin using tritiated S-adenosylmethionine. SBP was assayed by molecular sieve chromatography on sephadex G-50. The relative volume of parafollicular cells was obtained by stereological analysis of electron micrographs. Experiments were also done to demonstrate these cells by histofluorescence and radioautography following incubation with tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. Good correlations were found between serotonin and SBP concentrations, and parafollicular cell volume. These peaked in the rostro-central portion of the gland and were minimal at the poles. We conclude that thyroid SBP is probably localized in parafollicular cells.
Anat Rec 1979 Feb
PMID:Localization of a highly specific neuronal protein, serotonin binding protein, in thyroid parafollicular cells. 42 98

Development of small-granule APUD cells and cell clusters was studied in 13-day to 15-day fetal hamster lungs by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin staining, monoamine fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We examined 11-day and 12-day fetal, early postnatal, and adult animals only by PAS-lead hematoxylin. Precursors of small-granule cells first appear as PAS-negative clear cells in proximal airways of 13-day lung, occurring singly or in clusters of 2-25 cells and standing out among their undifferentiated, glycogen-laden, PAS-positive neighbors. By 14 days, developing small-granule cell clusters are prominent in main and lobar bronchi, extending 2-3 airway generations into the periphery. Clear-cell clusters, similar to those seen in 13-day lung, appear in peripheral airways and reach within one generation of developing terminal sacs. By 15 days, a few small, small-granule cell clusters are located at bronchioloalveolar junctions. Comparatively mature clusters occur in proximal airways; they are characterized by specific formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorescence demonstrable after exposure in vitro to 5-hydroxytryptophan. In early postnatal stages, PAS-positive granules are resolvable toward the base of some endocrine cells. Ultrastructurally, pulmonary APUD cells contain numerous membrane-limited granules (180-nm diameter) of varying electron density. In 13-day lung, granules sparsely populate the cytoplasm of clear cells, but as the cells mature, the granule population increases and becomes concentrated in the basal cytoplasm. Fetal development of small-granule cells is therefore compressed into the last 4 days before birth. Most clusters appearing in neonatal lungs are not yet fully mature, and not all subtypes of this population are present until some time later.
Anat Rec 1985 Nov
PMID:Ontogeny of small-granule APUD cells in hamster lung: a morphological study. 286 34