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The cells of the outer mantle epithelium contain numerous large pleomorphic electron dense bodies. In their fine structure they resemble lysosomes. Positive acid phosphatase histochemistry confirms that these supranuclear and subnuclear structures are lysosomes. A major portion of the intralysosomal material is resistant to high-temperature microincineration, indicative of an inorganic component. Subsequent microprobe analyses identified considerable calcium within these organelles. Such entities are similar in structure and ionic content to the lysosomes of avian intestinal absorbing cells, another calcium-transporting epithelium. These mantle lysosomes may function in transcellular calcium transport during shell formation, growth, and repair, especially since the mantle is the shell-forming organ in molluscs.
Anat Rec 1982 Jul
PMID:Calcium-containing lysosomes in the outer mantle epithelial cells of Amblema, a fresh-water mollusc. 713 91

Secretory granules, which are released by exocytosis and are speculated to contain progesterone, have been described in luteal cells of sheep and other large domestic animals. These granules are small and densely staining. Gemmell and Stacy ('79) suggested that luteal cells of guinea pigs also contain secretory granules, although they could not document exocytosis of granule content at the fine structural level. For the present study, quantitative methods were used to reexamine the possibility that luteal cells of guinea pigs possess secretory granules. Ovaries of guinea pigs were fixed in situ by vascular perfusion at the time of maximum progesterone secretion, when such granules would be most abundant, as well as other stages. Two types of granules that might be confused with secretory granules are microperoxisomes and lysosomes. Therefore, slices of perfusion-fixed corpora lutea were incubated for the fine structural localization of a peroxisomal enzyme, catalase, or for the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase. Other tissue was prepared for conventional electron microscopy. Granule types were classified on the basis of size, morphology, and enzyme content. Quantitation of granule types was carried out on both cytochemically reacted and conventionally prepared luteal tissue. More than 5500 microperoxisomes, 2800 lysosomes, and 1100 multivesicular bodies (MVBs) were tabulated. The results indicate that luteal cells of guinea pigs have three main types of granules: 1) Microperoxisomes, about 0.2 micrometer in diameter and containing catalase; 2) lysosomes, about 0.5 micrometer in diameter and positive for ACPase and arylsulfatase; and 3) MVBs, about 0.4 micrometer in diameter and containing small vesicles. At the time of peak steroid secretion during pregnancy and the estrous cycle, the granule population in luteal cells of guinea pigs consists of 73-80% microperoxisomes, 13-17% lysosomes, and 7-9% MVBs. These proportions are similar in tissue reacted for cytochemistry and tissue prepared by conventional means. Greater than 99% of the small 0.2-0.3 micrometer diameter granules in guinea pig luteal cells are catalase reactive. This finding eliminates from further consideration most of the prime candidates for secretory granules in these cells. Finally, neither a sequential appearance of granules nor exocytosis of secretory product was detected. Our data thus argue against the suggestion that luteal cells of guinea pig have secretory granules of the type observed in corpora lutea of large domestic animals.
Anat Rec 1981 Sep
PMID:Cytoplasmic granules in luteal cells of pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs. A cytochemical study. 730 15

Eosinophils from cat bone marrow and peripheral blood were studied by electron microscopy and cytochemical procedures. The maturation of eosinophils and formation of typical granules were described. Contrary to the accepted opinion that the core of animal's eosinophilic specific granules have a crytal-like structure, our observations revealed that the core has a myelin-like cylindrical appearance, whose layered formation proceeds from the inside outwards. Electron microscopic observations revealed that localization of reaction product to potassium pyroantimonate and phosphotungstic acid and to acid phosphatase activity was similar to that of eosinophils of man and other animals. Antimonate deposits and acid phosphatase activity were detected between the layers of the myelin-like structure of the core. Eosinophil granules failed to yield a positive reaction for peroxidase activity. The secretory activity of the eosinophil is discussed.
Anat Rec 1980 Feb
PMID:Genesis, ultrastructure and cytochemical study of the cat eosinophil. 741 6

In order to identify the initial site of antibody formation in rat spleen, an investigation was made to determine the effects of different antigen dosages on the localization of specific antibodies against sheep erythrocytes (SRBCs). Sixty rats were intravenously injected with 1 ml of either 1%, 5%, or 10% suspensions of SRBCs and killed at days 1, 2, 3, and 4 after immunization. A tissue agglutination procedure in which the binding of SRBCs to cryostat sections of spleen was used to localized anti-SRBC antibodies. Sections used for determination of SRBC binding patterns, and adjacent sections were stained for histological localization or processed for the determination of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity. Spleens of non-immunized rats showing binding of SRBCs closely associated with the ACP-positive marginal metalophils and marginal zone macrophages. This binding was not inhibited by preincubating the sections with 2-mercaptoethanol. The bound SRBCs lysed when incubated with complement. The initial change that occurred after antigen injection was binding over the germinal was not associated with ACP-positive cells. In animals immunized with 1% SRBCs, these changes were seen on the third day after immunization. In animals immunized with 1% SRBCs, these changes were seen on the third day after immunization. In animals immunized with 5% or 10% suspensions of SRBCs, these changes occurred 24 hours after immunization, during dissociation of the germinal centers. In later stages there was heavy binding of SRBCs over the white pulp and over the red pulp. Binding induced by immunization was inhibited by pretreating the sections with 2-mercaptoethanol and the bound cells lysed in the presence of complement. The results obtained suggest that IgM antibody to SRBCs appears in the germinal centers at least as early as in the marginal zone or peripheral periarterial region, and support the view that germinal centers may participate in primary antibody responses.
Anat Rec 1980 Nov
PMID:Effects of antigen dosage on early localization of specific antibodies in rat splenic germinal centers. 745 40

A combination of light and electron microscopy techniques was applied to characterize a luteinizing hormone (LH)-gonadotroph-like cell in the anterior pituitary gland of the adult domestic chicken. This cell type (mean +/- sem, 91 +/- 8 microns2) was larger than typical LH-gonadotrophs (71 +/- 5 microns2, p < 0.01) and seen in pituitary glands from adult males but not those from adult females of the same age. The ultrastructural features of these cells were similar to typical LH-gonadotrophs in the same section, except for the presence of large (1,126 +/- 77 nm diameter), round, or polymorphic electron-dense inclusions (14 +/- 3 per cell) in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. When resin sections of anterior pituitary gland were stained with the vapours from the fixative osmium tetroxide and a solution of potassium ferricyanide, inclusions were found that appeared to be lipid in nature and were circumscribed by the cisternal membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. These lipid inclusions were associated occasionally with acid phosphatase and lysosome-like bodies. The cellular pigment, lipofuscin, considered to be a marker of aging, was absent from the anterior pituitary glands from these adult chickens. These observations suggest that the appearance of lipid in LH-gonadotrophs is unlikely to be age-related and an alternative explanation is discussed in relation to a sex difference in the LH response of adult chickens to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Anat Rec 1993 Dec
PMID:Ultrastructure of lipid-containing cells of the anterior pituitary gland of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus. 831 Dec 63

The pharmacodynamics of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs flunixin, tolfenamic acid and ketoprofen were studied in calves after intravenous administration. An acute inflammatory reaction was induced in tissue cages by the intracaveal injection of the mild irritant carrageenan, and the inhibition of inflammatory mediators and enzymes was investigated. The substances measured in the exudate included the enzymes (active and total metalloproteases, serine and cysteine proteases, acid phosphatase [AP], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] and beta-glucuronidase) and the eicosanoids (prostaglandin [PG]E2 and leukotriene [LT]B4). Studies were also made of inhibition of the synthesis of serum thromboxane (Tx)B2 ex vivo, of bradykinin-induced oedema in vivo and of the generation of superoxide anions (O2-) in vitro. None of the drugs affected the concentration of LTB4, or the activities of metalloproteases, cysteine and serine proteases, AP or LDH in the exudate. All the drugs inhibited the synthesis of serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 and inhibited the release of beta-glucuronidase. They also decreased the oedematous response to intradermally injected bradykinin and inhibited the generation of O2- ions by neutrophils in vitro. These actions may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of the drugs and hence to their clinical efficacy.
Vet Rec 1995 Oct 21
PMID:Comparative pharmacodynamics of flunixin, ketoprofen and tolfenamic acid in calves. 856 Jul 1

An ultrastructural cytochemical study of acid phosphatase activity in the antimesometrial decidua on days 9-11 of pregnancy was performed in fed and acutely fasted mice. Specimens were fixed in a buffered mixture of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde and were incubated in a buffered medium containing sodium beta-glycerophosphate and cerium chloride for ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity. Fed and fasted animals showed extracellular acid phosphatase reaction product in the decidual-trophoblast interface, in the region of loosely and tightly packed, mature decidual cells, and in the region of predecidual cells. Reaction product was absent in the region of nondecidualized stromal cells. Extracellular acid phosphatase activity was more conspicuous in the region of mature decidual cells in fasted mice than in fed mice, and it was apparently similar in the region of predecidual cells in both fed and fasted mice. Acid phosphatase reaction product was also observed in lysosomes in all cells studied. Because acid phosphatase activity reflects the presence of lysosomal hydrolases in general, our results suggest that there is matrix degradation by lysosomal enzymes in both fed and fasted mice. These events may be part of the process of tissue remodeling in regions of predecidual cells and mature decidual cells. However, it is also possible that, in the region of mature decidual cells, breakdown of matrix constituents is a mechanism to provide nutrients for the growing fetus. This mechanism is probably enhanced in fasted mice.
Anat Rec 1998 09
PMID:Demonstration of extracellular acid phosphatase activity in the involuting, antimesometrial decidua in fed and acutely fasted mice by combined cytochemistry and electron microscopy. 973 39

Osteoclasts and odontoclasts are known to increase their nuclear number by fusion of mononuclear precursors. However, the pattern of fusion remains morphologically unclear. One lower right deciduous canine of an 8-year-old male was investigated. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity (TRAP) positive cells on the resorbing surface of the tooth were serially sectioned into 0.5 microm-thick semithin sections. The sections were photographed, and cells possessing a light microscopic brush border facing a resorptive lacuna were identified as odontoclasts. Fourteen odontoclasts appearing as a continuous figure of cellular membrane between cells on one section were three-dimensionally reconstructed using NIKON COSMOZONE 2SA. A criterion for fusion was established in this study, requiring that there must be two or more nucleated cells which contacted each other at one site only in the three-dimensional reconstruction. Among 14 reconstructed cells, 10 odontoclasts satisfied the criterion for fusion. The observations of the three-dimensional structures of these odontoclasts showed that mononuclear and multinucleated odontoclasts participated in fusion. Cell fusion occurred between resorbing odontoclasts and cells not forming lacunae, and between resorbing odontoclasts. A case of odontoclastic fusion among three cells was also observed. The results establish that fusion resulting in multinucleation occurred among various odontoclasts with different numbers of nuclei including mononuclear odontoclasts.
Anat Rec 1998 11
PMID:Increase in odontoclast nuclei number by cell fusion: a three-dimensional reconstruction of cell fusion of human odontoclasts. 981 Dec 24

The increasing use of androgens in clinical trials for developing a safe, effective, and reversible male contraceptive has necessitated a critical evaluation of the effects of their long-term use on the structure and functions of the prostate gland, which is androgen dependent. Combination regimens using progestogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, or antiandrogens along with androgens are undergoing clinical evaluation as antispermatogenic agents. The majority of these regimens have used testosterone enanthate (TE) as the androgen of choice, but very limited information is available on the side effects of long-term androgen use. The present study is the first report that critically evaluates the effects of long-term use of TE on prostate structure and functions. Adult male rhesus monkeys received intramuscular injections of 50 mg of TE once in 14 days for 33 months. The cranial and caudal lobes of the prostate, which were removed under ketamine anesthesia, were processed for the preparation of semithin sections to evaluate histological changes. The DNA distribution in the cells was studied in single cell suspensions of cranial and caudal lobes of the prostate by using flow cytometry. Changes in the levels of testosterone, estradiol, prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in samples collected during the pretreatment period and at the time of removal of the prostate were estimated by using conventional procedures. Control samples were processed simultaneously. The administration of TE for 33 months caused the following changes: 1) significant increase in the weight of both lobes of the prostate, 2) cellular hypertrophy and increase in secretory material in the cells and in the lumen of the acini in the central and peripheral zones of the two lobes of the prostate, 3) cellular hyperplasia indicated by flow cytometric analysis of DNA content, 4) significant increase in the secretion of PAP and levels of estradiol, and 5) a marked increase in fibromuscular stroma in the central and peripheral zones of both the lobes of the prostate. The present study is the first report to provide evidence that long-term androgen treatment has caused hypertrophy of the prostatic epithelial cells, which showed increased secretory activity. The hyperplastic changes indicate a need for the development of new androgens with a better pharmacokinetic profile for use in male contraceptive regimens.
Anat Rec 1998 12
PMID:Changes in structure and functions of prostate by long-term administration of an androgen, testosterone enanthate, in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). 984 14

The proximal straight tubular epithelium of the mouse kidney exhibited sexual dimorphism in conventional paraffin sections stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) in our preliminary observation. The purpose of this study was to clarify the sex-dependent structural features in the proximal straight tubular cells of the mouse kidney, and to clarify the effects of sex hormones on this portion of the renal tissue. The mice used in this study were divided into intact, orchiectomized, ovariectomized, testosterone-treated and estradiol-treated groups. The kidneys of these animals were examined by histological, cytological and cytochemical (for acid phosphatase reaction) procedures. In the proximal straight tubular epithelium of intact adult mice, PAS staining of the brush border in females was more intense than that in males. Furthermore, PAS-positive granules were observed in the cytoplasm of females only. Orchiectomy changed the male-specific features to that of the females, and treatment with testosterone induced the male-specific features. Ovariectomy and estradiol treatment showed no effects. Ultrastructurally, PAS-positive granules were observed as electron-dense myelinoid bodies, and these contained acid phosphatase-positive matrix. The present study demonstrated apparent sexual dimorphism and effects of testosterone on PAS staining and PAS-positive granules in the proximal straight tubule cells in normal mice. In addition, the association of PAS-positive granules and lysosomes was suggested by cytological and cytochemical examination.
Anat Rec 1999 07 01
PMID:Sexual dimorphism of proximal straight tubular cells in mouse kidney. 1041 98


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