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Alkaline phosphatase (ALK Pase) activity can be detected histochemically in the taste buds of rats but not mice. Since taste buds develop, regenerate and are maintained under the influence(s) of the sensory nerve it was decided to study cross-species regenerated buds of these two animals to determine whether the nerve also regulated ALK Pase development in taste cells. Grafts of rats sensory ganglion and mouse tongue or mouse ganglion and rat tongue were combined in the anterior chamber of the eyes of immunologically-deficient nude mice and the cross-species buds that developed at 35 days were examined histochemically for ALK Pase. The results revealed that the rat nerve did not cause ALK Pase to appear in any buds found in mouse tongue grafts and that mouse nerve could support buds containing ALK Pase in rat tongue tissue. Because the cross-species regenerated buds were histochemically characteristic of those normally found in rat or mouse tongue, there is no evidence that the foreign nerve altered gene expression for ALK Pase in the target organ, and the action of the nerve on gustatory epithelium appears to be that of activation and maintenance.
Anat Rec 1979 Jun
PMID:The distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and cross-species regenerated rat and mouse taste buds. 46 27

This study compares the ultrastructure of beating canine hearts with that of hearts subjected to different clinically common forms of cardiac arrest. The contraction state per test field was ascertained according to a specially developed classification. The volume density of myofibrils and the surface to volume ratio of mitochondria were used as parameters for cellular and mitochondrial swelling. Contraction bands were not found in any of the differently pretreated hearts. Following immersion fixation, contractions as well as over- and hypercontractions in beating, fibrillating, and St. Thomas-arrested hearts are significantly more pronounced than in HTK-arrested hearts. Cellular and mitochondrial volumes were similar in beating and fibrillating hearts. St. Thomas-perfusion significantly decreased cellular and mitochondrial volume compared to beating hearts, but these values were in the same range as in fibrillating hearts. Only HTK-solution actually led to a strong reduction of these compartments. Compared to immersion, perfusion fixation after coronary perfusion with cardioplegic solutions led to comparable cellular volumes, but significantly elevated the percentage of relaxed sarcomeres and significantly reduced mitochondrial swelling. The best structural preservation of myocytes was found after HTK-perfusion and perfusion fixation. Such ultrastructural quantitative and morphometrical parameters are powerful tools since results confirm that the degree of myocardial preservation depends on the method of cardiac arrest. This forms the basis for the choice of preconditions for subsequent ischemia. Furthermore, significant alterations of myocardial ultrastructure depend on a combination of the functional state of the heart, the method of cardioplegia, and the technique of fixation.
Anat Rec 1993 Mar
PMID:Preservation of cardiac myocytes subjected to different preconditions: a comparative morphometric study of beating, fibrillating, and cardioplegically arrested canine hearts. 843 Sep 12

Two types of sinus nodal cells were responsible for the main differences in the literature concerning the ultrastructure of the sinuatrial node: the intercalated clear cells and pale cells. Canine hearts were arrested by (1) aortic cross clamping, (2) coronary perfusion with the cardioplegic solution St. Thomas, and (3) coronary perfusion with the cardioplegic solution HTK (Custodiol(R)). After fixation by immersion or perfusion the sinus node tissue was prepared for electron microscopy. Following cardioplegic arrest and perfusion fixation, three nodal cell types in the non-ischemic sinuatrial node were observed: typical nodal cells, transitional cells, and intercalated clear cells. Less than 1% of the non-ischemic sinuatrial cells were intercalated clear cells, surrounded by typical nodal cells or transitional cells. The contractile apparatus of the intercalated clear cells was extremely poorly developed. Great structural variations in the mitochondria were observed in intercalated clear cells, variations that would not appear under conditions of ischemia. In contrast, after 15-25 min of ischemia at 25 degrees C the appearance of the sinus nodal cells was strikingly different from that of the non-ischemic sinuatrial cells. More than 10% of the nodal cells showed typical ischemic alterations, e.g., mitochondrial swelling, clumping of nuclear chromatin, loss of glycogen particles, and cell swelling in varying degrees. Because they look very pale, these nodal cells have been described as pale cells in the literature. Intercalated clear cells appear mainly in non-ischemic nodal tissue. Pale cells are ischemically damaged sinus nodal cells.
Anat Rec 2000 09 01
PMID:Intercalated clear cells or pale cells in the sinus node of canine hearts? An ultrastructural study. 1096 34

A standard microscope was reconfigured as a virtual slide generator by adding a Prior Scientific H101 robotic stage with H29 controller and 0.1 microm linear scales and a Hitachi HV-C20 3CCD camera. Media Cybernetics Image Pro Plus version 4 (IP4) software controlled stage movement in the X-, Y-, and Z-axis, whereas a Media Cybernetics Pro-Series Capture Kit captured images at 640 x 480 pixels. Stage calibration, scanning algorithms, storage requirements, and viewing modes were standardized. IP4 was used to montage the captured images into a large virtual slide image that was subsequently saved in TIF or JPEG format. Virtual slides were viewed at the workstation using the IP4 viewer as well as Adobe Photoshop and Kodak Imaging. MGI Zoom Server delivered the virtual slides to the Internet, and MicroBrightField's Neuroinformatica viewing software provided a browser-based virtual microscope interface together with labeling tools for annotating virtual slides. The images were served from a Windows 2000 platform with 2 GB RAM, 500 GB of disk storage, and a 1.0 GHz P4 processor. To conserve disk space on the image server, TIF files were converted to the FlashPix (FPX) file format using a compression ratio of 10:1. By using 4x, 10x, 20x, and 40x objectives, very large gigapixel images of tissue whole-mounts and tissue arrays with high quality and morphologic detail are now being generated for teaching, publication, research, and morphometric analysis. Technical details and a demonstration of our system can be found on the Web at http://virtualmicroscope.osu.edu.
Anat Rec B New Anat 2003 May
PMID:Using a modified standard microscope to generate virtual slides. 1273 Oct 75

After decades of speculation, proof of embryonic hemangioblasts finally emerged a few years ago. Surprisingly, at about the same time, evidence for adult hemangioblasts began to appear, and recent single-cell bone marrow transplants have confirmed their existence. Embryonic and adult hemangioblasts appear to share antigenic determinants, including CD34, ACC133, and VEGFR2, although their phenotype may be plastic. They also respond to similar factors, prominent among them vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the adult, hemangioblasts reside principally in the bone marrow, although they may subsequently leave that niche to reside in nonhematopoietic tissues. A number of studies indicate that these cells or their progeny may be a significant source of endothelial cells in adult pathologic and nonpathologic vascularization, and may participate in vascular repair. In addition to hemangioblasts, a more differentiated source of endothelial cell progenitors may be present in the blood, namely, monocytes or monocytic-like cells. The relative importance of the two cell types in vivo is not clear, though endothelial cells derived from the two sources may not be identical, and hemangioblasts seem to provide a stimulus for differentiation of the monocytes. Treatment with exogenous bone marrow-derived cells can promote neovascularization, accelerate restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissues, and improve cardiac function after infarct. Hence, there is great hope that either alone, in combination with angiogenic factors, or as gene therapy vectors, we can harness these cells to treat ischemic and vascular diseases in the relatively near future.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Jan
PMID:Hemangioblasts, angioblasts, and adult endothelial cell progenitors. 1469 30

A detailed study of so-called communicating cartilage canals, which penetrate deeply up into the lower hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal growth plate in the embryonic chicken femur (E20), was carried out with the aim to clarify whether or not these canals are involved in the bone-forming process. In addition, we examined the manner in which cartilage canals are formed and compare the present data with our previous data. The canals were investigated by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry (VEGF, VEGFR2/Flk1, type I collagen), and 3D reconstruction. Some communicating canals deeply penetrate into the upper hypertrophic zone where they terminate, showing electron-dense cells at their end. Subcellular characteristics of these cells are hardly detectable and we suppose that they undergo cell death. Other canals pass down deeper into the lower hypertrophic zone. The upper segment of these canals is composed of capillaries, mesenchymal cells, and macrophage-like cells. Precursors of osteoblasts are adjacent to the canals. The lower segment of communicating canals is composed of bone matrix or osteoid, which contains type I collagen fibrils and cells having the typical subcellular features of osteoblasts. No vessels are found in these segments. Immunohistochemistry shows that the matrix of the canals labels positively for type I collagen. In addition, staining with sirius red demonstrates that bone matrix is formed in these parts. We assume that the osteoblast-like cells of the lower segments of communicating canals originate either from mesenchymal cells or even from hypertrophic chondrocytes. Our immunohistochemical data also reveal that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the corresponding receptor VEGFR2/Flk1 (VEGF receptor 2/Flk1) are localized in cartilage canals of the reserve zone, the proliferative zone, and the hypertrophic zone. The receptor is found in the endothelial cells of the vessels. Furthermore, VEGF is present in hypertrophic chondrocytes. The results of our study suggest that cartilage canals penetrate actively into the cartilage anlage and that bone is formed in the lower segments of the communicating canals where no vessels are detectable.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Jul
PMID:Cartilage canals in the chicken embryo are involved in the process of endochondral bone formation within the epiphyseal growth plate. 1522 11

Natural recombinant Plum pox virus (PPV) isolates were detected in Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and Slovakia. Despite different geographical origins and dates of isolation, all the recombinant isolates were closely related at the molecular level and shared the same recombination breakpoint as well as a typical signature in their N-terminal coat protein sequence, suggesting a common origin. Biological assays with four recombinant isolates demonstrated their capacity to be aphid-transmitted to various Prunus hosts. One of these isolates had a threonine-to-isoleucine mutation in the conserved PTK motif of its HC-Pro and showed a drastically decreased, although not abolished, aphid transmissibility. The complete genome sequence of one of the recombinant isolates, BOR-3, was determined, as well as some partial sequences in the HC-Pro and P3 genes for additional natural recombinant isolates. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between the recombinant isolates and other sequenced PPV isolates confirmed that the recombinant isolates form a phylogenetically homogeneous lineage. In addition, this analysis revealed an ancient recombination event between the PPV-D and M subgroups, with a recombination breakpoint located in the P3 gene. Taken together, these results indicate that recombinant isolates represent an evolutionarily successful, homogeneous group of isolates with a common history and unique founding recombination event. The name PPV-Rec is proposed for this coherent ensemble of isolates.
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PMID:Geographically and temporally distant natural recombinant isolates of Plum pox virus (PPV) are genetically very similar and form a unique PPV subgroup. 1530 61

Deer antlers represent a unique model of mammalian regeneration in that they cast and fully regenerate every year. The deer antler thus provides a fascinating model of both rapid angiogenesis and chondrogenesis and the opportunity to investigate unique growth regulatory processes. One such phenomenon is the presence of vascularized cartilage in the growing antler tip-unlike other cartilage, which is typically avascular. The mechanisms by which blood vessels grow in the cartilage as well as the factors that drive antler extension at approximately 1 cm a day have been hitherto largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin within the growing antler tip. We isolated cervine VEGF121 and VEGF165 from deer antler and found that mRNA is produced for VEGF in the precartilage and cartilage regions. By in situ hybridization, we examined whether the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR are present in deer antler and found only KDR mRNA within the endothelial cells of the precartilage region. This finding is compatible with VEGF having an angiogenic effect within antler. Pleiotrophin mRNA was found in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the dermis, thus supporting a possible role in vascular growth. High levels of pleiotrophin mRNA were also detected in the precartilage region with possible implications for both angiogenesis and chondrogenesis. This is the first report of cervine angiogenic growth factors within the growing antler tip.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 Dec
PMID:Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler. 1705 17

The substantia nigra neurons expressing c-RET, a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor intracellular tyrosine kinase subunit, were investigated in rats by using a double labeling method which combined retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling after injection into the striatum with immunohistochemistry to c-RET. It was revealed that the distribution of c-RET-immunoreactive neurons and HRP-labeled nigrostriatal neurons overlapped. Numerous double-labeled HRP/c-RET neurons were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta with predominate distribution ipsilateral to the injected striatum. Semiquantitative cell count indicated that a large percentage (97%) of HRP-labeled neurons showed c-RET immunoreactivity. Furthermore, double-labeled HRP/c-RET ones constituted only 61% of total c-RET-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra ipsolateral to the injected striatum. Taken together with previous observations on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the basal ganglia, this study provides evidence that the c-RET protein may mediate biological activity of GDNF family ligands in most of projecting neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta where the dopaminergic neurons are numerously distributed. Specially, it suggests that c-RET-mediating signaling cascades may play important roles in neuron-glial interaction that support and sustain nigrostriatal neuronal circuits in the basal ganglia.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 Jan
PMID:Nigrostriatal neurons in rat express the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor subunit c-RET. 1808 9

TWIST is an important transcription factor during embryonic development and has recently been found to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon seen during the initial steps of tumor metastasis. To further investigate the potential targets and interacting genes of TWIST in human gastric cancer, we performed microarray analysis to compare the gene expression profiles in HGC-27 cells, with or without small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of TWIST. Our results showed that NF1, RAP1A, SRPX, RBL2, PFDN4, ILK, F2R, ERBB3, and MYB were up-regulated, whereas AKR1C2, FOS, GDF15, NR2F1, ATM, and CTPS were down-regulated after TWIST depletion. Moreover, TWIST-depleted HGC-27 cells showed a reversal of the morphologic and molecular changes associated with EMT. These results provide evidence that TWIST regulates the expression of several genes involved in the differentiation, adhesion, and proliferation of gastric cancer cells. The role of TWIST in the development of certain types of gastric cancer is discussed.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Feb
PMID:Gene expression profiling in TWIST-depleted gastric cancer cells. 1905 Dec 71


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