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A review summarizing the voltammetric literature of the liposoluble vitamins A, D, E and K in organic solvents containing supporting electrolyte is presented. Electrochemical studies that were performed by attaching the vitamins to electrode surfaces and performing voltammetric scans in aqueous solutions are also summarized. Vitamins A (retinol and retinal) and D (cholecaliferol and ergocalciferol) undergo chemically irreversible voltammetric oxidation processes in organic solvents to form complicated or unknown compounds that cannot be electrochemically converted back to the starting materials. In contrast to vitamins A and D, vitamins E and K undergo chemically reversible electron-transfer processes that are often coupled to proton-transfer reactions. Vitamin E (a phenol) is voltammetrically oxidized in aprotic organic solvents in a -2e(-)/-H(+) process to form a diamagnetic cation, which is unusually long-lived compared to the analogous cations produced during the oxidation of other phenols. In an aqueous environment, vitamin E is electrochemically oxidized to the hydroquinone in a chemically irreversible -2e(-) process. In low moisture content aprotic solvents, vitamin K (a quinone) is reduced in two one-electron chemically reversible steps to form first a radical anion (semiquinone, at E(1)) and then at more negative potentials a dianion is formed (at E(2)). The dianion is especially prone to strong hydrogen-bonding interactions with trace water present in the organic solvents, resulting in a shift in the formal reduction potential of E(2) to more positive potentials as more water is added to the solvent.
Chem Rec 2012 Feb
PMID:Voltammetry of the liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in organic solvents. 2212 Nov 21

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental contaminant that is found in many ecosystems. Many studies reported that MeHg toxicity is accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation that may lead to oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and proteins. Vitamin E is considered as the most effective antioxidant preventing lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MeHg exposure during pregnancy on the development of the appendicular skeleton in rat fetuses and whether vitamin E administration could reduce this toxicity. Positively mated adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into the following experimental groups: control group, received only deionized water, and four MeHg treated groups received 1 mg of MeHg/kg/d, 2 mg of MeHg/kg/d, 1 mg of MeHg/kg/d plus 150 mg of vitamin E/kg/d, and 2 mg of MeHg/kg/d, plus 150 mg of vitamin E/kg/d starting from Day 0 of gestation. On Day 20 of gestation, the fetuses from the pregnant rats were extracted and the fetal growth parameters were evaluated. Skeletal evaluation of ossification of both fore- and hind-limbs, and coxal bones were undertaken. Results showed that treatment with MeHg caused adverse effects on fetal growth parameters and ossification of the bones. The coadministration of vitamin E with MeHg revealed an improvement in these parameters. These results suggest that vitamin E may ameliorate some aspects of MeHg developmental toxicity. The underlying and human health implications warrant further investigations.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012 Jun
PMID:The prenatal toxic effect of methylmercury on the development of the appendicular skeleton of rat fetuses and the protective role of vitamin E. 2254 41

Low levels of plasma vitamin E concentrations were found in canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). The present study was aimed at determining the effect of an eight-week vitamin E supplementation on clinical response (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI-03) scores and pruritus intensity) in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Levels of oxidative stress markers (plasma malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), blood glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, plasma and skin vitamin E concentrations) were also determined. Twenty-nine dogs with CAD were included in the study. Fourteen received vitamin E (8.1 IU/kg once daily, orally) and 15 received mineral oil as placebo (orally). All dogs were treated with antihistamine fexofenadine. Levels of oxidative stress markers (with the exception of skin vitamin E), CADESI-03 and pruritus intensity were determined at the beginning, then every two weeks. Skin vitamin E was determined at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Significantly higher plasma levels of vitamin E and TAC were observed in the vitamin E group than in the placebo group. CADESI-03 scores determined throughout the treatment in the vitamin E group were significantly lower than in the placebo group. The findings of this study support the supplementation of vitamin E in dogs with atopic dermatitis.
Vet Rec 2014 Dec 06
PMID:Vitamin E supplementation in canine atopic dermatitis: improvement of clinical signs and effects on oxidative stress markers. 2520 75


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