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Following the first diagnosis of campylobacteriosis in Jamaican cattle a field study was undertaken to determine the pathogenicity of Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis Jam (Jamaican strain) and to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination in controlling the disease. A total of 46 nonpregnant yearling heifers and four two-year-old bulls were used in two separate experiments. The results showed that C fetus subspecies venerealis Jam readily colonised the reproductive tract of susceptible heifers and persisted in some animals (68 per cent of unvaccinated and 33 per cent of vaccinated animals) for the duration of the experiment. Pregnancy was confirmed in 13 of 18 (72 per cent) culture-negative heifers but in only eight of 28 (29 per cent) of the heifers with two or more positive cultures. Vaccination appeared to be curative because 44 per cent of vaccinated heifers were cleared of infection whereas 85 per cent of unvaccinated, inoculated heifers remained infected for at least 17 weeks. Vaccination improved the fertility level of the infected heifers threefold. Infection was not established in vaccinated bulls used for breeding infected heifers.
Vet Rec 1986 Sep 20
PMID:Vaccination studies for the control of campylobacteriosis in Jamaican cattle. 377 32

The localization of immunoreactive T3 was investigated in dog and chick thyroid glands either fixed in Bouin's solution or freeze-dried and fixed with paraformaldehyde vapor, and compared with localization of 19S-thyroglobulin. Freeze-drying followed by paraformaldehyde vapor was better for the demonstration of T3 than Bouin's solution; it gave a much stronger immunoreactivity for T3. This fixative was also excellent for the demonstration of thyroglobulin. The immunoreactive T3 was detected only in the colloid and was never observed in the follicular cells, although immunoreactive thyroglobulin was present not only in the colloid but also in the follicular cells. Subsequently, in dog fetuses and chick embryos the appearance and development of immunoreactive T3 were studied. At 40 days of gestation in dog fetuses and at 9 days of egg incubation in chick embryos, immunoreactive T3 was found in the colloid of primordial follicles coinciding with the formation of the colloid. The ability of embryonic thyroid glands to synthesize T3 seems to be linked to the organization of follicles. With progressing development, the follicles stored more colloid and immunoreactive T3 within the follicular lumina. Concentrations of immunoreactive T3 in thyroids from chickens at various stages of development were also studied by radioimmunoassay. The T3 concentration was first detected at 9 days of incubation and gradually increased with embryo age; it was related to the amounts of colloid stored in the follicles.
Anat Rec 1986 Feb
PMID:Localization and development of immunoreactive triiodothyronine in thyroid glands of dogs and chickens. 395 72

In the gill epithelium of the Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa a mitochondria-rich cell type is described which ultrastructurally resembles the chloride cells in other fish species. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal different supramolecular structures in the luminal plasma membrane and in the intracellular amplification (tubular system) of the basolateral plasma membrane of these mitochondria-rich cells. In the luminal plasma membrane ordered assemblies of particles and fibril-like elements are regularly found. On the P face, the assemblies are composed of up to 20 linear arrays of particles which are preferentially located in the microvillar membrane on which they show a helicoidal orientation. The arrays are formed by globular (diameter 8-9 nm) and rod-shaped (length 16-20 nm) particles, which occasionally are so tightly end-to-end attached that they generate fibril-like structures. The distances between adjacent arrays within an assembly measure 10-15 nm. On the E face complementary patterns of linear grooves are present. These assemblies have not previously been demonstrated in the freeze-fractured plasma membrane of branchial chloride cells. In the membrane of the tubular system, emerging from the basolateral plasma membrane of the mitochondria-rich cells, infrequently repeating rows of 7-8 nm particles are present in addition to randomly distributed globular particles (diameter 7-8 nm). Complementary patterns of grooves are present on the E face. These intramembranous structures resemble the repetitive elements which have been previously described in the tubular system of branchial chloride cells in euryhaline teleosts and the subunits of which are considered to be the sites of ion pumps.
Anat Rec 1985 Mar
PMID:Assemblies of linear arrays of particles in the apical plasma membrane of mitochondria-rich cells in the gill epithelium of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa). 399 77

Intercellular junctions between Sertoli cells in the toad testis were studied by freeze-fracture and electron-opaque intercellular markers. These junctional specializations are characterized in thin sections by a series of focal fusions on the outer leaflets of both adjacent cell plasmalemmas, associated with bundles of fine filaments in the subjacent Sertoli cell cytoplasms. However, the wide subsurface cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum, a component constantly associated with Sertoli cell junctions in mammals, is absent in the toad. The intravascularly injected lanthanum hydroxide, used as a tracer compound, gains access to the seminiferous tubules and surrounds spermatogonia and leptotene spermatocytes, but is persistently excluded from germ cells in later stages of development. This indicates that, as is the case in the mammalian testis, a permeability barrier to lanthanum is established which isolates all germ cells beyond leptotene spermatocytes. Freeze-fracture reveals the characteristic occluding junctions between Sertoli cells, but a variation in their geometric patterns was clearly observed in different regions of the toad seminiferous epithelium. The membrane-fractured faces of Sertoli cells embracing differentiating spermatids exhibit a deep junctional complex: up to 50 rows of particles between adjacent Sertoli cells separate these late germ cells from the periphery of the seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells surrounding early germ cells generally exhibit, instead, a discontinuous, poorly developed network of interconnected rows of particles with few widely spaced strands. This seems to permit the percolation of the intercellular marker in areas of the seminiferous epithelium containing spermatogonia and leptotene spermatocytes.
Anat Rec 1983 Apr
PMID:The blood-testis barrier in the toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel): a freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer study. 640 58

The inter-Sertoli junctions of children aged between 5 and 12 years, affected by acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, were analyzed in sections and freeze-fracture replicas. The testicular biopsies were performed at the end of therapy, when patients were in continuous remission for over 30 months. Chemotherapy does not seem to affect the development of junctions that were studied in sections and freeze fracture. Two age groups were considered (I, 5 to 8 years; II, 9 to 12 years). In age group I, oval Sertoli cells were connected by occasionally focal points of fusion, which in replicas appeared as scattered, interrupted ridges on the P face and grooves on the corresponding E face. In age group II Sertoli cells presented cytoplasmic extensions and interdigitations. Tight junctions appeared close to one another in conventional sections. Freeze fracture evidenced extensive although isolated areas formed by intervining strands. Lanthanum penetrated freely the intercellular spaces and gap junctions were observed in both age groups. The results suggest that tight junctions formation is initiated long before puberty; a progression in the complexity of the strand organization is present as the tubules mature; the strands reorganize in parallel and continuous rows only at puberty.
Anat Rec 1982 Jul
PMID:Chemotherapy does not affect the development of inter-Sertoli junctions in childhood leukaemia. 695 7

We have examined the ependymal astrocytes of the frog cerebellar cortex in thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. The somata border the fourth ventricle and give rise to basal processes whose daughter branches cross the molecular layer and terminate as subpial endfeet. Irregular lamellar appendages arise from the basal processes and their branches. In the molecular layer the appendages selectively ensheath apposed parallel fiber boutons and Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Other appendages ramify throughout the neuropil, some contributing to extensive pericapillary sheaths. Freeze-fractured ependymal astrocyte plasma membrane consistently has a greater concentration of intramembranous particles (IMPs) and IMPs of larger mean size than neuronal plasma membrane in the same replicas. Like the astrocytes of the mammalian central nervous system, frog ependymal astrocytes form numerous gap junctions with each other. However, orthogonal arrays of IMPs ("assemblies") were not observed. Ependymal cells in the frog cerebellum combine the morphology, and probably the functions, of both ependymal cells and astrocytes.
Anat Rec 1981 Feb
PMID:Ependymal astrocytes in the frog cerebellum. 697 Oct 63

The presence of structures bridging the inner and outer acrosomal membranes of the equatorial segment of boar spermatozoa was clearly demonstrated in cells that have undergone a variety of treatment procedures to displace the electron-dense contents of the acrosome. En-face sections show bridges to be punctate and not linearly extensive as might be suggested by sections perpendicular to the flat plane of the head. About 4.5 x 10(5) bridges, each measuring 7 nm across and spaced 7 nm apart, are arrayed hexagonally in the equatorial segment, but bridges are not present within the principal segment of the acrosome. Short-term treatment with trypsin partially digests the bridges, but does not disrupt the spacing or strict parallel configuration of equatorial segment membranes. However, short-term treatment with pronase digests most bridges and effectively disrupts the typical configuration of the equatorial segment. Freeze-fracture of the cytoplasmic face of the acrosomal membranes of the equatorial segment reveals a pattern throughout the phospholipid layer of the membrane which is similar to the pattern of bridges present in en-face thin sections of the equatorial segments. The data suggest that numerous bridges link the inner and outer acrosomal membranes of the equatorial segment of the acrosome and they play a major, if not an exclusive, role in maintaining the close spacing and parallel arrangement of the membranes in this portion of the acrosome.
Anat Rec 1980 Nov
PMID:On the presence of bridges linking the inner and outer acrosomal membranes of boar spermatozoa. 700 60

Inside-out (I.O.) vesicles isolated from human erythrocyte ghosts induced to endocytose have been used for biochemical studies to determine localization of molecules within the membrane. It was the purpose of this study to examine such vesicles by freeze-etch electron microscopy to determine the architecture of the peripheral proteins on the protoplasmic surface. Examination of the I.O. vesicles while still in the interior of the ghosts showed that a globular material was randomly distributed on the outer surface (protoplasmic surface of the original plasma membrane) of the I.O. vesicles. The random distribution of the globular material becomes altered, however, if the I.O. vesicles are isolated from the ghosts by shearing and centrifugation. Freeze-etching of these isolated I.O. vesicles revealed that the globular material was now clustered on the protoplasmic surface (PS), as were the intramembranous particles (IMPs) in the extracellular face. Thus, the lateral mobility of the IMPs is dependent upon the distribution of molecules at the protoplasmic surface of the membrane. Moreover, this change in distribution of the globular material at the surface is not due to a partial loss of major membrane proteins, because SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that equal amounts of the major proteins were present in nonisolated vesicles as compared to isolated vesicles. Although isolated I.O. vesicles have been used extensively to demonstrate that glycoproteins span the membrane, these results suggest that one should cautiously interpret data obtained from such isolated vesicles in view of the fact that there is an alteration of the distribution and perhaps configuration of molecules at the PS following isolation of I.O. vesicles.
Anat Rec 1982 Mar
PMID:Isolation of human erythrocyte inside-out vesicles alters their molecular architecture. 707 79

In the present study morphology of tight junctions was related to the various cell types lining extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary airways of the rat. Freeze fracture replicas were prepared from extrapulmonary airway epithelium derived from the cartilagenous and membranous sides of upper, middle, and lower thirds of the trachea. Intrapulmonary airway epithelium was obtained from airways less than 1 mm in diameter. Tight junction fibrils on the P fracture face were organized into three types of patterns. Type 1: parallel sparsely interconnected lumenal fibrils with large ablumenal fibril loops. Type 2: richly interconnected lumenal fibrils with large ablumenal fibril loops. Type 3: narrow network of interconnected fibrils. On the E fracture face complementary grooves were organized in a similar pattern. Ciliated cells on both sides and all levels of the trachea were associated with type 1 junctions. In intrapulmonary airways, however, the junctional pattern of ciliated cells changed to type 2. Brush cells at all levels of the airways were bounded by type 2 and occasionally by type 1 junctions. Secretory cell junctions displayed the following patterns: Mucous cells were bounded solely by type 3, serous cells by either types 2 or 3, and Clara cells predominantly by type 2. Cells tentatively identified as intermediate cells displayed all three junctional patterns. The number of parallel fibrils comprising tight junctions was higher in extrapulmonary as compared to intrapulmonary airways. No difference was seen in the various locations sampled in the trachea. Gap junctions were observed between secretory cells of extrapulmonary but not intrapulmonary airways. These observations are discussed in relation to current physiologic data.
Anat Rec 1980 Oct
PMID:Heterogeneity of tight junction morphology in extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary airways of the rat. 721 4

Measurements of extremely high osmolalities in cauda epididymidal fluids of hibernating bat species led to an investigation of the junctional complex morphology of the epithelium of this sperm storage site. Freeze fracture replicas revealed the presence, at certain times of the year, of a tight junction architecture that resembled that traditionally thought to be exclusive to the blood-testis barrier, the strongest permeability barrier in the body. It is hypothesized that seasonal establishment of these specialized Sertoli cell-like tight junctions is necessary to the maintenance of the high osmotic state of the luminal environment, allowing for the prevention of dilution of its contents by paracellular routes and its protection from bursting under the osmotic pressure contained within.
Anat Rec 1993 Dec
PMID:Unique features of the cauda epididymidal epithelium of hibernating bats may promote sperm longevity. 831 Dec 60


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