Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Blood samples were taken from 15 horses before and after a 50-mile ride to examine the changes occurring in some biochemical constituents. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations and a rise in inorganic phosphate but there was no alteration in plasma sodium, chloride or protein levels or change in haematocrit. After the ride there was a highly significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood glucose corresponding with increased lipolysis and a rise in plasma free fatty acids (P less than 0.001) and glycerol (P less than 0.001). There was a modest increase in blood lactate and a rise in plasma creatine phosphokinase. The results of this preliminary investigation are discussed in relation to the problem of exhaustion in horses during endurance rides.
Vet Rec 1978 Apr 22
PMID:Biochemical changes in horses during a 50-mile endurance ride. 65 49

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relationship among selected physican and cardiorespiratory variables in active men, aged 40-59 years. Thirty-one subjects who had been running for only an average of five years volunteered for treadmill testing, running to volitional exhaustion. For the total group (40-59 yrs), significant negative correlations were found between age and maximal heart rate (HR max) and age and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), suggesting an inverse relationship between these variables. In both the 40-49 and the 50-59 yr groups, significant positive correlation coefficients were obtained between VO2 max (liters/min) and VO2 max (ml/kg/min), between VO2 max (ml/kg/min) and O2 pulse (ml/kg/min), and between VO2 max (liters/min) and V E max (maximal pulmonary ventilation) liters/min), In both these groups, resting heart rate (HR rest) was significantly positively related to HR max and also to HR 1 min after recovery (1 min rec). Overall, however, the correlation coefficients between selected variables were low, implying that the evaluation of cardiorespiratory variables in these age groups should be based upon several variables.
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PMID:Cardiorespiratory variables in middle-aged men. 90 50

To investigate the effect of intense exercise on immune function, 12 healthy males (26 +/- 1 yr) underwent cycle exercise to exhaustion at 80% maximum work load. One hour later, six of the subjects underwent a second identical bout. Blood was drawn preexercise (C), at exhaustion (Ex-1, Ex-2), and at 1 h of recovery (Rec-1, Rec-2). At Ex-1 and Ex-2, total leukocytes (monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) increased significantly (P less than 0.05), and all returned to C levels by Rec-1 except lymphocytes, which were lower than at C. At Rec-2 total leukocytes remained higher (P less than 0.05) than at C, primarily because of elevated neutrophil counts. Phenotype analysis indicated a 2.5-fold increase in CD16+ (natural killer) cells at Ex-1 and a decrease primarily in CD4+ (T-helper) cells. All phenotype changes returned to C levels at Rec-1. At Ex-1 the in vitro mitogenic response to concanavalin A, phorbol myristate acetate + ionomycin, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen decreased (P less than 0.05) but returned to levels not different from C at Rec-1. Both the in vitro percent specific lysis of a target natural killer cell (K562) and the lytic activity per cell increased (P less than 0.05) in peripheral mononuclear cells at Ex-1, returning to C levels at Rec-1. The total leukocyte counts with exercise were significantly correlated with plasma epinephrine concentration, and a causal effect is thus possible. Such acute changes in numbers and function of circulating cells of the immune system may possibly have functional and clinical correlates.
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PMID:Circulating mononuclear cell numbers and function during intense exercise and recovery. 183 84

The causes of hypothermia in 89 lambs were identified on the basis of history and clinical biochemistry. Excessive heat loss accounted for 24 per cent of the cases, and depressed heat production because of either severe hypoxia during birth, immaturity or starvation accounted for 72 per cent. Exhaustion of energy reserves and hypoglycaemia were marked characteristics of lambs which became hypothermic after 12 hours of age. Most of the lambs were either twins or triplets. The implications of the findings for both the treatment and prevention of hypothermia in newborn lambs are discussed.
Vet Rec 1982 Feb 06
PMID:Causes of hypothermia in 89 lambs. 689 65

We examined whether fatigue during exertional heat stress occurred at a critical internal temperature independent of the initial temperature at the start of exercise. Microwaves (2.1 GHz; 100 mW/cm(2)) were used to rapidly (3-8 min) heat rats before treadmill exercise to exhaustion. In a repeated-measures design, food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11) were preheated to three levels (low, medium, and high). In addition, two sham exposures, Sham 1 and Sham 2, were administered at the beginning and end of the study, respectively. At the initiation of exercise, hypothalamic (T(hyp)) and rectal (T(rec)) temperatures ranged from 39.0 degrees C to 42.8 degrees C (T(hyp)) and 42.1 degrees C (T(rec)). The treadmill speed was 17 m/min (8 degrees grade), and the ambient temperature during exercise was 35 degrees C. Each treatment was separated by 3 wk. Run time to exhaustion was significantly reduced after preheating. There was a significant negative correlation between run time and initial T(hyp) and T(rec) (r = 0.73 and 0.74, respectively). The temperatures at exhaustion were not significantly different across treatments, with a range of 41.9-42.2 degrees C (T(hyp)) and 42.2-42.5 degrees C (T(rec)). There were no significant differences in run time in the sham runs administered at the start and end of the investigation. No rats died as a result of exposure to any of the treatments, and body weight the day after each treatment was unaffected. These results support the concept that a critical temperature exists that limits exercise in the heat.
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PMID:Exercise in the heat is limited by a critical internal temperature. 1092 68

In pH-controlled batch fermentations with pure sugar synthetic hardwood hemicellulose (1% [w/v] glucose and 4% xylose) and corn stover hydrolysate (8% glucose and 3.5% xylose) lacking acetic acid, the xylose-utilizing, tetracycline (Tc)-sensitive, genomically integrated variant of Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 39676 (designated strain C25) exhibited growth and fermentation performance that was inferior to National Renewable Energy Laboratory's first-generation, Tc-resistant, plasmid-bearing Zymomonas recombinants. With C25, xylose fermentation following glucose exhaustion was markedly slower, and the ethanol yield (based on sugars consumed) was lower, owing primarily to an increase in lactic acid formation. There was an apparent increased sensitivity to acetic acid inhibition with C25 compared with recombinants 39676:pZB4L, CP4:pZB5, and ZM4:pZB5. However, strain C25 performed well in continuous fermentation with nutrient-rich synthetic corn stover medium over the dilution range 0.03-0.06/h, with a maximum process ethanol yield at D = 0.03/h of 0.46 g/g and a maximum ethanol productivity of 3 g/(L x h). With 0.35% (w/v) acetic acid in the medium, the process yield at D = 0.04/h dropped to 0.32 g/g, and the maximum productivity decreased by 50% to 1.5 g/(L x h). Under the same operating conditions, rec Zm ZM4:pZB5 performed better; however, the medium contained 20 mg/L of Tc to constantly maintain selective pressure. The absence of any need for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes makes the chromosomal integrant C25 more compatible with current regulatory specifications for biocatalysts in large-scale commercial operations.
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PMID:Fermentation performance assessment of a genomically integrated xylose-utilizing recombinant of Zymomonas mobilis 39676. 1196 41

IOGEN Corporation of Ottawa, Canada, has recently built a 40t/d biomass-to-ethanol demonstration plant adjacent to its enzyme production facility. It has partnered with the University of Toronto to test the C6/C5 cofermenta-tion performance characteristics of the National Renewable Energy Labora-tory's metabolically engineered Zymomonas mobilis using various biomass hydrolysates. IOGEN's feedstocks are primarily agricultural wastes such as corn stover and wheat straw. Integrated recombinant Z. mobilis strain AX101 grows on D-xylose and/or L-arabinose as the sole carbon/energy sources and ferments these pentose sugars to ethanol in high yield. Strain AX101 lacks the tetracycline resistance gene that was a common feature of other recombinant Zm constructs. Genomic integration provides reliable cofermentation performance in the absence of antibiotics, another characteristic making strain AX101 attractive for industrial cellulosic ethanol production. In this work, IOGEN's biomass hydrolysate was simulated by a pure sugar medium containing 6% (w/v) glucose, 3% xylose, and 0.35% arabinose. At a level of 3 g/L (dry solids), corn steep liquor with inorganic nitrogen (0.8 g/L of ammonium chloride or 1.2 g/L of diammonium phosphate) was a cost-effective nutritional supplement. In the absence of acetic acid, the maximum volumetric ethanol productivity of a continuous fermentation at pH 5.0 was 3.54 g/L x h. During prolonged continuous fermentation, the efficiency of sugar-to-ethanol conversion (based on total sugar load) was maintained at >85%. At a level of 0.25% (w/v) acetic acid, the productivity decreased to 1.17 g/L x h at pH 5.5. Unlike integrated, xylose-utilizing rec Zm strain C25, strain AX101 produces less lactic acid as byproduct, owing to the fact that the Escherichia coli arabinose genes are inserted into a region of the host chromosome tentatively assigned to the gene for D-lactic acid dehydrogenase. In pH-controlled batch fermentations with sugar mixtures, the order of sugar exhaustion from the medium was glucose followed by xylose and arabinose. Both the total sugar load and the sugar ratio were shown to be important determinants for efficient cofermentation. Ethanol at a level of 3% (w/v) was implicated as both inhibitory to pentose fermentation and as a potentiator of acetic acid inhibition of pentose fermentation at pH 5.5. The effect of ethanol may have been underestimated in other assessments of acetic acid sensitivity. This work underscores the importance of employing similar assay conditions in making comparative assessments of biocatalyst fermentation performance.
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PMID:Performance testing of Zymomonas mobilis metabolically engineered for cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose. 1201 70

The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on moderate and high-intensity endurance exercise in the heat. Eight endurance-trained men [maximal oxygen uptake ( VO(2max)) 59.5+/-1.6 ml kg(-1) bw(-1), mean+/-SE] cycled to exhaustion twice at 60% VO(2max) and twice at 73% VO(2max) at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C. Subjects ingested either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or an artificially flavoured and coloured placebo (PLA). Time to fatigue was significantly greater with CHO in both the 60% and 73% VO(2max) trials (14.5% and 13.5% improvement, respectively). Heart rate and oxygen uptake ( VO(2)) did not differ at any point between PLA and CHO. Hypoglycaemia was not seen in any condition but plasma glucose concentrations tended to be higher at both intensities when CHO was fed. CHO oxidation rates were similar at 60% VO(2max) between CHO and PLA. There were no differences between PLA and CHO in the rate of rise of rectal temperatures ( T(rec)) at either intensity but there was a trend for subjects to fatigue at a high temperature when taking CHO. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) tended to be lower throughout both CHO trials; this was significant at 80 min and at fatigue at 60% VO(2max). It is concluded that supplementation with CHO improves exercise performance in the heat at both moderate and high endurance intensities. In the absence of a clear metabolic explanation, a central effect involving an increased tolerance of rising deep body temperature merits further investigation.
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PMID:Carbohydrate supplementation improves moderate and high-intensity exercise in the heat. 1273 59

Nine unacclimatized university sportsmen performed a prolonged, intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running test in hot (HT) (33 degrees C, dry bulb temperature, approximately 28 %, relative humidity) and moderate (MT) (17 degrees C, 63 %) environmental conditions. Subjects performed 60 m of walking, a 15-m sprint, 60 m of cruising ( approximately 85 % V.O (2max)), and 60 m of jogging ( approximately 45 %V.O (2max)) for 14.8 +/- 0.1 min followed by a 3-min rest, repeated until volitional exhaustion. The hot trial was performed first followed, 14 days later, by the moderate trial. During exercise subjects drank water ad libitum. Subjects ran almost twice as far in the moderate as in the hot trial (HT 11216 +/- 1411, MT 21644 +/- 1629, m, p < 0.01), and the decline in average 15-m sprint performance was greater in the heat (HT, 0.17 +/- 0.05, MT, 0.09 +/- 0.03, s, p < 0.05). Average heart rates, blood lactate and glucose, and plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were greater in the HT (main effect trial, p < 0.01), as were serum cortisol concentration (main effect trial p < 0.05, n = 5) and muscle temperature (HT exhaustion vs. same time point in MT, 40.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 39.3 +/- 0.2, degrees C, p < 0.01). Peak torque during knee flexion and extension was not different pre-and post-exercise in the HT. Muscle glycogen utilization tended to be greater in the heat (HT 193.2 +/- 19.5, MT 143.8 +/- 23.9, mmol . kg dry wt (-1), p = 0.055, n = 8). In 7 out of the 8 subjects the increase in utilization was between 19 and just over 200 % greater in the HT. Glycogen remaining in the muscle at exhaustion was greater in the hot than moderate trial (HT 207.4 +/- 34.3, MT 126.5 +/- 46.8, mmol . kg dry wt (-1), p < 0.01, n = 8). Rectal temperature (T (rec)) was higher in the HT at exhaustion than at the same point in time in the moderate trial (HT, 39.60 +/- 0.15 vs. MT 38.75 +/- 0.10, degrees C, interaction trial-time, p < 0.01). There was a very strong negative relationship between rate of rise in T (rec) and distance completed in the HT (HT r = - 0.90, p < 0.01, MT r = - 0.76, p < 0.05). Thus, the earlier onset of exhaustion during prolonged intermittent shuttle running in the heat is associated with hyperthermia. However, while muscle glycogen utilization may be elevated by heat stress, low whole muscle glycogen concentrations would not seem to be the cause of this earlier exhaustion.
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PMID:Muscle metabolism, temperature, and function during prolonged, intermittent, high-intensity running in air temperatures of 33 degrees and 17 degrees C. 1632 Jan 62

Ampullary organs of Acipenser naccarii sturgeons were examined by optical and electronic microscopy (transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) from hatching until 1 month later when the juvenile phase is completely established. It was observed that, when A. naccarii begins to feed actively, the ultrastructural characteristics of ampullary organs already correspond to those of adult animals. These organs may, therefore, be functional and, together with taste buds, facilitate food search after exhaustion of yolk sac food reserves. Mature ampullary organs of A. naccarii are formed by an ampulla that communicates with the exterior by means of a short channel. These ampullae correspond to the sensory portion of these receptors and are formed by two cell types: receptor cells and support cells. Receptor cells present a kinocilium on their free surface and establish ribbon synapses with axon nerve endings that arise from the underlying conjunctive tissue. Support cells enclose receptor cells, bear stereocilia and occasional cilia, and are of a secretory nature. The mucus associated with ampullary organs mainly comprises neutral mucopolysaccharides, whereas mucopolysaccharides are usually acid in other fish groups.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007 Sep
PMID:Structural characteristics and development of ampullary organs in Acipenser naccarii. 1772 1


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