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Similar clinical signs have been reported in calves infected either by Dictyocaulus viviparus or bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Three experiments were carried out to establish the clinical picture and the course of the disease in animals with these infections. The clinical signs of calves infected with lungworm included coughing, nasal discharge, tachypnoea, abdominal breathing and pyrexia, and auscultation of their lungs revealed increased bronchial sounds. Similar signs were also observed after infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus, but the signs were more acute and resolved more rapidly than in animals infected with lungworm larvae. Calves infected with lungworm had more serious clinical signs after infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus than calves, which were not infected with lungworm.
Vet Rec 1988 Sep 24
PMID:Clinical signs following experimental lungworm infection and natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves. 297 75

An outbreak of a haemorrhagic diathesis in cattle fed home produced hay is described. A similar syndrome was reproduced experimentally in calves by feeding them the hay. The experimental disease was characterised by increased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times while the leucocyte and erythrocyte counts remained normal until the terminal haemorrhage. The calves ate well and grew well until the rapid onset of progressive weakness, stiff gait, mucosal pallor, tachycardia, tachypnoea and haematomata ending in sudden death. The absence of blood coagulation was seen at necropsy while petechial, ecchymotic and free haemorrhages were found in most organs. Particularly striking were massive ecchymotic haemorrhages on the peritoneal surface of the rumen, a bloody, gelatinous mass enveloping each kidney and extensive bruising, haemorrhage and haematomata in the subcutis of the limbs. In a second feeding trial the effects of various preparations of vitamin K1 and vitamin K3 were investigated. Oral administration of large quantities of vitamin K1 reduced the elevated prothrombin time; vitamin K3 acted less consistently. Analysis of the hay for trichothecene mycotoxins was negative but floral analysis revealed that sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) comprised about 80 per cent of the hay. Dicoumarol was detected in the hay and in the serum and ruminal contents of the experimental calves. The diagnosis, treatment, control and importance of this syndrome in the United Kingdom are discussed.
Vet Rec 1983 Jul 23
PMID:Haemorrhagic syndrome of cattle associated with the feeding of sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum) hay containing dicoumarol. 619 8

Four litters of puppies were divided into three groups. One group was vaccinated with a live CAV-1 vaccine and another with a live CAV-2 vaccine. Throat swabs were collected from two dogs in each of these groups to monitor the possible excretion of vaccine virus, but none was found. Both groups, together with the third group of unvaccinated controls, were challenged 17 days later with an aerosol of virulent CAV-2. One dog from each group was killed on the third, fourth, seventh, ninth, 11th and 14th days after challenge. The unvaccinated dogs developed a clinical disease characterised by anorexia, dullness, coughing and tachypnoea. The lungs were consolidated and histological examination revealed the main lesion to be a severe necrotising bronchiolitis. Large amounts of virus were present in the respiratory tissues of these dogs and high titres of virus were isolated from throat swabs. In contrast, both groups of vaccinated dogs remained clinically almost normal with minimal lesions, present for a much shorter period of time. Virus was found on day 4 in the respiratory tissues of one dog vaccinated with CAV-1 but the other vaccinated animals contained little or no virus. In general, the degree of protection afforded by CAV-1 vaccine seemed similar to that provided by CAV-2 vaccine.
Vet Rec 1982 Jan 09
PMID:Immunity to canine adenovirus respiratory disease: a comparison of attenuated CAV-1 and CAV-2 vaccines. 628 Mar 70

Two commercial live virus infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccines for intranasal administration and an inactivated polyvalent calf pneumonia vaccine were compared for safety and efficacy in calves against experimental IBR infections. All three products were clinically safe for use in young calves; a mild, transient, febrile response was induced by one of the live vaccines. Vaccinal virus was recovered for up to 16 days after vaccination from nasal secretions of all calves given live vaccine. Both live vaccines stimulated a serum neutralising antibody response, but the inactivated vaccine failed to elicit any serological response. Following intranasal challenge four months after the first dose of vaccine, all live virus vaccinates remained systemically healthy. A slight nasal discharge and a few rapidly healing ulcers of the nasal mucosa were the only abnormalities observed. Both the group given the inactivated vaccine and the unvaccinated controls developed clinical IBR with pyrexia, ocular and nasal discharges, severe ulceration of the nasal mucosa and tracheitis and tachypnoea to varying degrees of severity. Parenteral administration of dexamethasone six months after challenge induced reactivation of virus shedding followed by a rise in humoral antibody titre irrespective of the original vaccination history.
Vet Rec 1982 Aug 07
PMID:Safety and efficacy of live and inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. 628 8

Nine puppies without maternal antibody to canine adenovirus (CAV) were divided into two groups. The first consisted of six puppies, each of which was given two doses of a commercial inactivated CAV-1 vaccine, 14 days apart. Eight days after administration of the second dose of vaccine, all six puppies, together with the second group, consisting of three unvaccinated controls, were challenged with an aerosol of virulent CAV-2. One dog from each group was killed on the third, fifth and 10th days after challenge and the three additional vaccinates killed at intervening times. All of the dogs developed respiratory signs, mainly coughing and tachypnoea, but the vaccinated dogs made a more rapid recovery. The lungs of both groups were consolidated, the areas affected being more extensive in the controls, and histological examination revealed the main lesion to be a severe necrotising bronchiolitis. Virus was isolated from the respiratory tissues and from throat swabs collected from both groups of dogs. The presence of neutralising antibody in the serum was not, of itself, sufficient to control viral replication and oblate the disease.
Vet Rec 1983 Nov 26
PMID:Immunity to canine adenovirus respiratory disease: effect of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine. 631 19

A 16-day infection of Dictyocaulus viviparus in two groups of calves was treated with levamisole and fenbendazole respectively. Five days afterwards the calves were reinfected with 4000 larvae and necropsied 21 days later. Although the lungworm burdens of the two groups of calves were reduced by about 70 per cent compared to a control group the clinical signs of dyspnoea, tachypnoea and coughing were indistinguishable from a primary infection. This was due to pulmonary emphysema, oedema and an acute epithelialising pneumonia apparently associated with the death and disintegration of lungworms in situ, the result of an incompletely developed immune response. The results are compared with those obtained with the lungworm vaccine. It was concluded that the outcome of any system of "control" which depends on drug therapy and reinfection is unpredictable and that vaccination offers the only effective method of prophylaxis.
Vet Rec 1981 Feb 28
PMID:Control of parasitic bronchitis in calves: vaccination or treatment? 645 78

In a natural outbreak of respiratory disease during 1976, 31 of 43 calves showed moderately severe clinical signs which included pyrexia (maximum 42 degrees C) and tachypnoea. During the outbreak infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was demonstrated by isolation from nasopharyngeal swabs or by serology. Pasteurella haemolytica or P multocida were isolated from the blood of four and five calves respectively. In the month before disease 65 per cent of the calves showed significant antibody responses to P haemolytica. However a similar serological response to P haemolytica was demonstrated during 1975 in a comparable group of calves in which no disease and no infection with RSV was detected. No serological response to P multocida was demonstrated in either year. The temporal correlation of RSV infection with respiratory disease in the group of 43 calves was striking but the evidence neither reinforced nor discounted the possibility of interaction between RSV and P haemolytica infection in the pathogenesis of disease.
Vet Rec 1980 Sep 27
PMID:The possible role of respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella spp in calf respiratory disease. 721 Apr 28

An acute pneumonia developed in 28 calves which had been housed together from one to two weeks of age. The clinical signs included pyrexia, tachypnoea, respiratory distress and coughing. Some of the calves died. The pneumonia was characterised by an alveolitis with multinucleated syncytia, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and bronchiolitis. Interstitial emphysema was also present. Fifteen of 19 calves examined serologically had rising neutralising antibody titres to respiratory syncytial virus; in nine calves the rise was fourfold or greater. Respiratory syncytial virus was not isolated from the calves. There was no evidence of parainfluenza type 3 virus involvement. The adult cows being sucked by the calves remained clinically normal throughout the incident. Six calves examined six weeks after the outbreak started had a chronic cuffing pneumonia characterised by lymphocytic bronchiolitis; some of the calves also had bronchiolitis obliterans. Mycoplasma dispar was found in two of them.
Vet Rec 1981 May 09
PMID:Acute fatal pneumonia in calves due to respiratory syncytial virus. 725 27

Twenty-four foals were confirmed to be infected with Rhodococcus equi on a private stud in Zimbabwe over a two-year period. Six mares had foals which were affected in each of the two years. All the foals were febrile and early cases were detected by this pyrexia. Bronchopneumonia was only clinically detectable in advanced cases. In spite of energetic hygiene measures relating to pasture and housing management, the incidence was higher in the second year (23 per cent of foals born) than in the first (15 per cent of foals born). The mean age of the foals was significantly greater in the second year. The immunological status of some of the foals was obtained from zinc sulphate turbidity tests performed at 24 hours old and all the affected foals so tested were considered to have had effective colostral transfer. Clinically, affected foals showed pyrexia, tachypnoea and tachycardia and many had a scanty purulent nasal discharge. Only one animal had diarrhoea which was attributed to enteric infection with R equi. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical examination, culture of the organism from tracheal aspirates and thoracic radiography and was supported by significant elevations of plasma fibrinogen and platelet and neutrophil counts in all cases. Anaemia was not a major finding in any case. Rifampicin and erythromycin were administered per os and weight-related doses were continued until plasma fibrinogen and the absolute neutrophil and platelet counts had been persistently normal for two weeks. Supportive radiography was obtained in some cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1993 Jan 23
PMID:Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: a report of an outbreak on a thoroughbred stud in Zimbabwe. 843 46

A 12-hour-old female standardbred foal developed signs of abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnoea and fever associated with chylous ascites. Small intestinal obstruction was due to segmental, mid-jejunal lymphangiectasia. Post mortem examination revealed a lack of communication between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in the mesenteric lymphocentre, a defect which was suspected to be congenital.
Vet Rec 1995 Jul 22
PMID:Chyloabdomen in a neonatal foal. 853 51


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