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Megabacteriosis is a common cause of illness and death in exhibition budgerigars. The clinical signs are variable but include weight loss, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting, diarrhoea and sudden death due to haemorrhage. Significant lesions are confined to the proventriculus which becomes inflamed, dilated and ulcerated, and loses its normal architecture, and to the gizzard in which there are degenerative changes in the koilin layer.
Vet Rec 1992 Jul 04
PMID:Megabacteriosis in exhibition budgerigars. 850 4

Microbiological, biochemical and pathological data collected from 293 calves which were either stillborn, or born alive and either failed to breathe or failed to breathe for more than about 10 minutes are presented. No bacteria were recovered from 96 of the calves (32.7 per cent), and bacteria which were considered significant were isolated from only four (1.4 per cent). Evidence of leptospiral infection was found in 75 calves (25.5 per cent). Of 64 calves examined for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) antigens, two were positive for BVD virus and none for IBR virus. The mean (+/- sd) liver vitamin E and kidney selenium concentrations, determined in 148 of the calves, were 2.0 +/- 0.76 micrograms/g wet matter and 0.47 +/- 0.17 micrograms/g wet matter, respectively. The thyroid iodine concentration in 15 of 71 calves (21 per cent) was less than 300 micrograms/g wet matter and the mean (+/- sd) thyroid weight of 266 of the calves was 18.5 +/- 11.6 g. Evidence of severe trauma was found in 19 of the calves (6.5 per cent). Histological findings included thyroid epithelial hyperplasia, hepatic haemosiderosis, erythrophagocytosis in the spleen, perivascular haemorrhage in brain and adrenal glands, and accumulation of leucocytes in blood vessels.
Vet Rec 1992 Mar 21
PMID:Stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome: preliminary pathological, microbiological and biochemical findings. 151 26

Red deer calves dying at 24 to 72 hours old were infected with cryptosporidia. The clinical signs were extreme depression and weakness, but they did not consistently have diarrhoea. One calf was severely uraemic, and evidence from subsequent cases suggested that cryptosporidium infection in very young red deer calves may result in terminal uraemia. The possibility of intrauterine infection is considered. The factors which could have predisposed to the outbreak of infection were investigated; the calves were deficient in vitamin E despite having received adequate colostrum.
Vet Rec 1992 Feb 08
PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in newborn red deer (Cervus elaphus). 156 43

Increases in serum unconjugated bile acid concentrations have recently been shown to be diagnostic for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in man. Similar increases in serum unconjugated bile acids were detected in three of nine cats with chronic diarrhoea and vomiting.
Vet Rec 1992 Feb 08
PMID:A preliminary assessment of post prandial unconjugated bile acids in serum of cats with chronic diarrhoea and vomiting. 156 44

A retrospective analysis of the clinical and laboratory findings from 51 adult horses with chronic diarrhoea revealed that the most common conditions were larval cyathostomiasis (14 cases), idiopathic chronic colitis (nine cases) and alimentary lymphoma (five cases). Five animals had diarrhoea as a result of non-alimentary disease. A diagnosis was reached in 37 cases, but only 15 were made ante mortem. Among the 18 animals (35 per cent) which survived, there were five cases of larval cyathostomiasis, one case of colonic impaction and 12 cases were undiagnosed. The most frequent abnormalities detected in blood samples from the horses were neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and high alkaline phosphatase activity. Evidence of carbohydrate malabsorption was found in 16 of 28 cases in which oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. No diagnostic specificity was apparent in either the clinical signs or the laboratory findings.
Vet Rec 1992 Mar 14
PMID:Chronic diarrhoea in adult horses: a review of 51 referred cases. 156 33

Faeces and, or, paired sera were collected from cows in six dairy herds with classical winter dysentery. Similar samples were collected from cows in three other dairy herds experiencing non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea during the survey period. Coronavirus was the only enteric pathogen identified by immune electron microscopy (IEM) in all six outbreaks, occurring in 26 of 29 (90 per cent) of the affected cows and in one of 11 normal cows from the same herds. Nineteen of 26 affected cows (73 per cent) developed greater than four-fold increases in neutralising antibody titres to the Mebus strain of bovine coronavirus, compared with two of eight normal cows in the same herds. No cows showed greater than four-fold increases in antibody titres to bovine virus diarrhoea virus. None of the cows from the three herds with non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea shed coronavirus in faeces detectable by IEM or developed greater than two-fold rises in coronavirus antibody titres in paired sera. No enteric pathogens were identified in two of the herds. However, two cows in the third herd shed a group B rotavirus detected by IEM. These findings provide additional evidence for a possible role for bovine coronavirus in the aetiology of winter dysentery. Furthermore, this is the first report of a group B rotavirus associated with diarrhoea in adult cattle.
Vet Rec 1991 May 11
PMID:Winter dysentery in dairy herds: electron microscopic and serological evidence for an association with coronavirus infection. 165 53

A clinical and post mortem survey of domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area revealed that 19 of 235 (8.1 per cent) were infected with Cryptosporidium species. More kittens than adults were infected (P less than 0.01), and of 51 of the cats which had diarrhoea, four also had cryptosporidium infection. Of seven domestic cats with cryptosporidium infection, two were also positive for feline immunodeficiency virus. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in domestic and feral cats. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in faecal and mucosal impression smears stained with auramine-phenol and modified Ziehl-Nielsen techniques. Endogenous developmental stages of cryptosporidium were found in the microvillus region of enterocytes of eight of 19 positive cats in sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The results suggest that cryptosporidium infection is common among young and newborn kittens, and that the disease is usually asymptomatic.
Vet Rec 1991 Dec 07
PMID:Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area. 166 51

Three species of blood-feeding flies (Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematopota pluvialis and Hydrotaea irritans) were fed for five minutes on a bullock persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) containing 10(4.5)TCID50 non-cytopathic BVDV/ml serum, then subsequently fed on BVDV-free seronegative animals maintained in isolation. Virus was isolated from recipient animals between days 5 and 10 using H pluvialis, and up to 72 hours after transmission with S calcitrans; virus isolation was negative using H irritans. Positive seroconversion results obtained with H pluvialis gave a steadily increasing antibody titre. BVDV was recovered from flies 96 hours (four days) after an infective feed for H pluvialis and S calcitrans, but for two hours only for H irritans.
Vet Rec 1991 Jan 26
PMID:Transmission of bovine virus diarrhoea virus by blood feeding flies. 185 Jan 84

Two outbreaks of border disease occurred on farms with sheep flocks and breeding cattle. The infection of the pregnant sheep was probably caused by transmission of virus from calves persistently infected with non-cytopathic bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) which were kept in close confinement with the ewes during mid-pregnancy. Border disease was also induced experimentally in eight lambs by exposing their dams at 38 to 78 days of gestation to a heifer persistently infected with BVDV. Both the natural and the experimental infections were characterised by typical signs such as 'hairy-shaker' lambs and high lamb mortality. The diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolations from live-born lambs, seroconversion and pathology. The study supports the assertion that cattle persistently infected with BVDV and in close contact with pregnant sheep, are an important source of strains of virus capable of causing border disease.
Vet Rec 1991 Feb 16
PMID:Border disease in sheep caused by transmission of virus from cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. 185 50

The severity of acid-base disturbances in diarrhoeic calves was investigated and a simple, inexpensive method of monitoring them was evaluated. The Harleco apparatus measures the 'total carbon dioxide' in a blood sample, mostly generated from the bicarbonate present, and any abnormalities are mainly due to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Its performance was tested against a standard blood gas analyser by comparing the results obtained by both methods with nearly 2000 blood samples from healthy or diarrhoeic calves. After technical modifications, the technique gave excellent precision and accuracy for the clinical evaluation of acid-base balance, using venous whole blood. The samples were very stable, especially at 0 degrees C, but also at room temperature. The normal range (mean +/- 1.96 sd) for total carbon dioxide in whole blood from calves was 21 to 28 mmol/litre. For samples corresponding to mild, moderate or severe acidosis, 79 per cent were correctly classified by the Harleco apparatus and only 0.1 per cent were beyond the adjacent degree of severity. After four days of diarrhoea, the calves which later died had twice the deficit in plasma bicarbonate of those which survived. As death approached, the deficit was almost three times that in surviving calves and the blood pH shortly before death was as low as 6.79 +/- 0.08. The Harleco apparatus was less successful with alkalotic samples, but metabolic alkalosis is less common and usually less severe.
Vet Rec 1990 Jan 13
PMID:Evaluation of acid-base disturbances in calf diarrhoea. 231 71


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