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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a stress-sensitive animal which exhibits moderate immune dysfunction that has been implicated in the onset of hypertension. In this study, we examined the morphology of SHR thymus and spleen and further characterized the immune deficiency using Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Fisher 344 (F-344) rats for comparison. The adult SHR thymus does not display the increase in medullary volume typically noted with aging and the volume density of the marginal zone is decreased in the spleen. In vivo tritiated-thymidine incorporation is also decreased in the spleen of unstimulated SHR. In mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), the proliferative response of SHR splenocytes is significantly decreased relative to controls, WKY and F-344. Addition of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), or indomethacin to the MLR cultures does not increase proliferation. The proliferative response to T cell receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb-TCR) or interleukin-2 (IL-2) are similarly impaired in the SHR. The depressed proliferative T cell response is reversed by prolactin. It is suggested that the SHR is a valuable model for the study of immune deficiency.
Anat Rec 1993 Oct
PMID:Immune system of the spontaneously hypertensive rat: II. Morphology and function. 823 75

Prolactin (PRL)-mediated changes in the texture and secretory activity of the skin in adult red-spotted newts may involve alterations in the distribution and/or expression of structural and secretory epidermal glycoconjugates. To explore this possibility, skin samples were obtained from groups of conditioned animals that had received injections of either ovine prolactin or amphibian saline over a 14-day period. Glycoconjugates within the epidermis and cutaneous glands were examined by means of lectin histochemistry using a panel of eight HRP-labelled lectins. PRL increased levels of sialic acid and n-acetylglucosamine in the stratum corneum. In contrast, glycoconjugates containing fucose, galactose, n-acetylgalactosamine, and galactose-(1,3)-n-acetylgalactosamine were decreased by PRL within both glands and epidermis. These results suggest that the integumental effects associated with prolactin in the red-spotted newt are mediated, at least in part, through the alteration of epidermal and glandular glycoconjugates.
Anat Rec 1993 Jul
PMID:Prolactin alters the expression of integumental glycoconjugates in the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. 836 57

In the pars distalis of the pituitary gland in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw/dw) mutant mice, ambiguous cells exhibiting ultrastructural features common to growth hormone (GH) cells and prolactin (Prl) cells were analyzed by means of colloidal gold ultrastructural immunocytochemistry in order to define the functional nature of these peculiar cells. Adult and 18-day embryonic pituitaries from normal (+/+; dw/+) and dwarf (dw/dw) mice were processed with antibodies to GH, Prl, TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and HCG (chorionic gonadotropic hormone). In the adult and embryonic dwarf pituitaries, the ambiguous cells reacted negatively to all of the antibodies except for anti-ACTH, which labeled them well. In addition, the ACTH-positive cells showed a much wider variety of shapes and granule size and distribution, as compared with normal adults. In the embryos, this variability in ACTH cell morphology occurred not only in dwarf embryos, but in their normal counterparts as well. The results thus suggest that adult dwarf pituitaries may retain an embryonic or incompletely differentiated form of ACTH cells.
Anat Rec 1993 Aug
PMID:Immunocytochemistry of ambiguous cells in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw) mouse pituitaries. 839 85

Proliferative activity of the anterior pituitary gland in 10 week-old male and female rats under normal conditions was investigated by counting mitotic figures and using single and double immunostaining of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and six pituitary hormones. To determine which proliferative changes depend on the estrous cycle and circadian changes, respectively, six groups of female and two groups of male rats were studied at various times of day. Additionally, BrdU-incorporated cells were further classified by the six types of hormones they contained, or as immunonegative cells. Cell proliferative activity in the females fluctuated drastically with the highest activity in estrus and the lowest in diestrus. In the males, proliferative activity was at a relatively low level, and was similar to that in females in proestrus or early estrus, with the greater activity at night. Identified by their pituitary hormones, the distribution of the proliferating cells was almost the same in each sex, with prolactin (PRL) cells accounting for the highest proportion, followed by growth hormone (GH) cells, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) cells. These percentages agreed well with previously reported levels of cell types among all pituitary cells of the rat. It is therefore suggested that the life span and cycle of rat pituitary cells does not differ among cell types. In another test, male and female rats were given BrdU continuously via an osmotic pump for 8 days to compare cell proliferative activity between sexes, exclusive of the influence of estrous cycle and circadian changes. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that the cumulative incorporation of BrdU in females was consistently twice as high as in males over a constant period of time, and to conclude that cell renewal occurs at a doubled rate in the pituitary of female rat.
Anat Rec 1993 Jan
PMID:Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: influences of sex, estrous cycle, and circadian change. 841 18

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 21 g average body weight, were divided into two groups. A group was maintained in fresh water, whereas another group was adapted for 2 weeks to 20% salt water. Among the latter, fishes were injected every 2 days for a week with tilapia prolactin (ti-PRL I). Gills were prepared for electron microscopy in order to determine the types and surface areas of chloride cells in each experimental condition. Two types of chloride cells, the alpha and beta cells were easily distinguished on the basis of their location and ultrastructural features in the gills of freshwater fishes, while only one type of cell, the saltwater alpha cells presumably derived from the transformation of the freshwater alpha cells, were encountered in saltwater adapted animals. After PRL injection of saltwater adapted fishes, small chloride cells, which displayed ultrastructural features similar to those of beta cells in freshwater tilapia, reappeared in interlamellar regions of the gills. In the same experimental conditions, the voluminous saltwater alpha cells showed a tendency to resume ultrastructural features more characteristic of the freshwater alpha cells from which they were derived. These observations tend to indicate that prolactin behaves as a "freshwater adapting hormone" and that beta cells are specifically involved in fish adaptation to freshwater living conditions.
Anat Rec 1993 Feb
PMID:Effects of prolactin on alpha and beta chloride cells in the gill epithelium of the saltwater adapted tilapia "Oreochromis niloticus". 842 Mar 95

The three-dimensional structure of the Golgi apparatus and its compartments in prolactin cells has been examined in lactating rats in which secretion of prolactin was suppressed by removing the litter or stimulated by allowing the pups to suckle again. As soon as 2 hr after removal of the litter, large irregular progranules and numerous large pale vesicles accumulated in the trans-Golgi area together with vesicular or tubular fragments. The cis-tubular network was no longer recognizable on the cis-face of the Golgi ribbon; the saccules of the midcompartment were partitioned by narrow fissures and also became perforated in register by numerous fenestrations of various sizes and irregular contours. The concomitant appearance of numerous vesicles in the cavities thus formed as well as in the surrounding cytoplasm indicated that they probably arose by the progressive cavitation and fragmentation of saccules of the mid compartment. Such a process, which reached a maximum between 4 and 6 hr after removal of the litter from the mother, was no longer observed at 8 and 12 hr, at which time intervals the Golgi apparatus was reduced in size with no cis-tubular elements and progranules on its trans-aspect and few vesicles in its surroundings. When mothers, separated from their litters for a period of 12 hr, were returned to their pups for 20 min, the cis-tubular network reappeared on the cis-aspect of the Golgi stacks and presumably formed by fusion of vesicles and anastomosed tubules located next to the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the structure of the midsaccules returned to the stimulated condition, and early progranules were again segregated within the trans-most saccules of the Golgi stack. Hence, the Golgi apparatus of prolactin cells was rapidly and deeply modified in the presence or absence of stimulation.
Anat Rec 1993 Mar
PMID:Modulation of the Golgi apparatus in stimulated and nonstimulated prolactin cells of female rats. 843 Sep 5

Previous experiments with bromocriptine suggested that prolactin plays a role in the aetiology of pseudopregnancy in goats. Serum prolactin concentration was measured in a herd of white Dutch dairy (Saanen) goats when hydrometra (a typical characteristic of pseudopregnancy) was diagnosed by ultrasound, during the spontaneous development of pseudopregnancy, and in normally reproducing goats during the breeding season. In the normally reproducing does the prolactin concentration decreased at the beginning of the breeding season. In 12 of 14 pseudopregnant goats the prolactin concentration was within the range observed in the normally reproducing goats on the day that hydrometra was diagnosed. In two goats the prolactin concentration was low during the first few weeks of pseudopregnancy and in a third it fluctuated. There was no correlation found between the concentration of prolactin and the development or the presence of a persistent corpus luteum. These results suggest that prolactin does not play a crucial role in the aetiology of pseudopregnancy in the goat.
Vet Rec 1995 Aug 12
PMID:Serum prolactin concentration in pseudopregnant and normally reproducing goats. 855 24

This investigation examines the relationship between implantation strategy and gap junction protein expression in uterine endometrium. The pattern of gap junction and connexin protein expression was analyzed in porcine and equine endometrium from cycling and pregnant animals using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Functional analysis of cell-cell communication was also monitored by laser cytometry in primary cultures of endometrial epithelial cells. Gap junctions were detected in endometrial stroma of cycling and pregnant animals, which was correlated with immunoreactive Cx43 within stromal fibroblasts and vascular elements. No Cx26, Cx32, or Cx43 immunostaining was detected in luminal endometrial epithelium in either the mare or the pig at any stage of the estrous cycle or pregnancy. In contrast, endometrial glands of the mare exhibited a spatiotemporal pattern of Cx43 expression in the apicolateral plasma membrane which, when present, colocalized with the tight junction-associated protein, ZO-1. Uterine glandular Cx43 expression in mares was present from day 3 postovulation through day 14 of diestrus and until day 23 of pregnancy, whereas Cx43 was absent within uterine glands during seasonal anestrus, estrus, and after day 30 of pregnancy. Primary cultures of equine endometrial epithelial cells expressed both immunoreactive Cx43 and significant gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) which was rapidly upregulated by 1.0 mM 8-bromo-cAMP or blocked with 1.0 mM octanol. No GJIC or connexin protein was detected in cultured porcine epithelial cells despite incubation with a variety of agents, including 8-bromo-cAMP, steroid hormones, retinoic acid, and/or prolactin. Junctional communication in endometrial epithelium of domestic farm animals is different than that reported for species exhibiting invasive implantation. The absence of GJIC in uterine luminal epithelium of the gilt and mare may be involved in limiting trophoblast invasiveness.
Anat Rec 1998 07
PMID:Endometrial connexin expression in the mare and pig: evidence for the suppression of cell-cell communication in uterine luminal epithelium. 966 53

Thirty-two permanently pseudopregnant bitches were treated with the anti-prolactin drug cabergoline. They had all been ovariohysterectomised up to five months after their last season, in some cases over two years previously, when most were reported as showing no signs of the condition. The clinical signs were mainly behavioural, the majority being aggressive, and a small number were lactating. The efficiency of the cabergoline therapy was classified by the owners as 'excellent' or 'good' in 50 per cent of the cases, and fair in 36 per cent. The rate of success was markedly better than in similar cases treated with reproductive steroids. In all but one of the bitches, the plasma prolactin concentrations were basal.
Vet Rec 1999 Apr 17
PMID:A study of the aetiology of pseudopregnancy in the bitch and the effect of cabergoline therapy. 1034 74

As part of a nutritional study lasting from six weeks before calving to 22 weeks of lactation, blood samples collected from 47 dairy cows maintained under well-defined conditions were analysed for a variety of metabolites and hormones. At various times after the completion of the study, six of the animals developed clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), although when they were sampled it was not known that they were incubating the disease. The data were used to make comparisons between the animals that developed BSE and those that did not develop the disease and which had been maintained under the same conditions. The greatest differences between the animals incubating BSE and the control animals were observed at times of nutritional stress, at the start of lactation and when the intake of concentrate feeds was reduced at week 13 of lactation. In the animals that subsequently developed BSE, feed intakes were lower in early lactation; plasma beta-hydroxbutyrate concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.001) at weeks 3 and 5 of lactation; adjusted milk yields were lower until week 6 of lactation and milk fat concentrations were consistently lower. There was no effect on plasma glucose concentrations, although insulin concentrations were significantly lower in week 1 of lactation (2-27 v 2.50 microiu/ml) (P<0.05). The concentrations of plasma proteins and urea were unaffected by BSE incubation, apart from protein concentrations being significantly higher one week before calving, and the concentration of urea being significantly lower five weeks before calving. The plasma concentrations of somatotrophin, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were similar in the two groups of animals throughout the study. The differences observed indicate that the energy metabolism of dairy cows incubating BSE may be subtly altered before the onset of clinical signs of the disease.
Vet Rec 2000 Oct 07
PMID:Aspects of the metabolism of dairy cows during the incubation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. 1107 85


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