Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and T system of the anterior (tonic) and posterior (fast twitch) latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken have been examined by the freeze-fracture technique, and quantitative data on the P and E fracture faces have been obtained. The fractured plasma membranes reveal (a) profiles of surface caveolae, (b) randomly distributed intramembranous particles ranging in size from 40-100 A in diameter, and (c) orthogonal assemblies composed of groups of 60 A particles in close association, and differences with respect to all three structures are present between the tonic (ALD) and fast twitch (PLD) muscles. In the ALD muscle, the surface caveolae are more uniformly distributed and have smaller openings than in the PLD muscle; the former muscle also has a two-fold higher caveolae density than the latter muscle. The intramembranous particles are more numerous in the ALD than in the PLD muscle in both fracture faces, but the orthogonal assemblies are fewer. The functional significance of these differences in the two fiber types are discussed. The fractured membranes of the SR have intramembranous particles (IMPs) approximately 80 A in diameter, with a two-fold higher packing density in the PLD than in the ALD muscle. This difference is present in both the longitudinal and cisternal components of the SR. In addition, there are collar-like expansions (CLE's) in the SR of the ALD muscle which are particularly poor in intramembranous particles. These particles are considered to represent Ca2+ transport ATP-ase, and the reduced density of IMP's could be a significant factor in the low calcium uptake and and slow relaxation characteristics of the ALD muscle.
Anat Rec 1980 Oct
PMID:A freeze-fracture study of the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the chicken. 721 1

For many years, the plant hormones auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid have been extensively studied as key regulators of plant growth and development. However, recent biochemical and genetic analyses have revealed that secretory peptides are also responsible for intercellular signaling in plants and regulate various events including wound response, cell division control, and pollen self-incompatibility. We discovered two natural CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/ESR-related (CLE) peptides: tracheary elements differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF) and CLV3, which are dodecapeptides with two hydroxyproline residues that regulate vascular development and meristem formation, respectively. This discovery enabled us to predict the chemical form of CLE gene products. In the Arabidopsis genome, there are 31 CLE genes that correspond to 26 CLE peptides. The application of all 26 chemically synthesized peptides to plants revealed the existence of distinctive functional groups. From these results, we discuss the functions of CLE peptides in plant development and plant-parasite interactions.
Chem Rec 2006
PMID:CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides as intercellular signaling molecules in plants. 1730 52