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Slices or sections through the bursa cloacalis and thymus of chick embryos at 7-21 days of incubation were observed by light and electron microscopy to determine whether major differences existed in the surface morphologies of lymphoid cells in these organs, and whether the surface morphologies of these cells changed during ontogeny. These organs were fixed concurrently and identically at each stage. The thymus was packed at all stages with spherical cells having fine structures characteristic of those of lymphoid cells. Many irregularly shaped, epithelial cell processes were present between lymphoid cells. The bursa contained many irregularly shaped stromal cells as well as spherical cells. The latter were few in number during early development, but became the predominant type of cell near the end of incubation. Spherical cells in the bursa consisted of three types based on fine structure: lymphoid cells, granulocytic cells, and cells which were probably precursors of granulocytic cells. Spherical cells in the bursa could not be classified into these three types by their surface morphologies, however, because the latter at any one stage of development were similar. At 7-8 days of incubation, spherical cells in the bursa could not be differentiated consistently from neighboring stromal cells by scanning electron microscopy alone, but by 9 days, spherical cells could be identified routinely by this method. At 9-10 days of incubation, only minor differences existed in the surface morphologies of the spherical cells in the bursa and thymus: Bursal cells displayed long, ridgelike processes, whereas thymic cells exhibited fine surface undulations and large blebs. At 11 days, the surfaces of the spherical cells in the bursa were covered by numerous short microvilli, but the surfaces of thymic cells were unchanged. Bursal cells retained their microvilli through 14 days of incubation, but between 15 and 21 days progressively lost their microvilli, becoming essentially bald near the end of this period. Likewise, thymic cells gradually lost their surface wrinkles and blebs. Near the time of hatching, both types of cells were smooth-surfaced and tightly packed, with individual cells assuming polyhedral configurations.
Anat Rec 1981 Oct
PMID:Changes in the surface morphologies of the cells in the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) and thymus during ontogeny of the chick embryo. 731 28

Four groups of seven-week-old pigs weighing about 9 kg were fed for three weeks a prestarter that contained 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mg/kg of highly purified T-2 toxin. The average daily intakes of toxin by the pigs were 0.38, 0.81, 1.24 and 1.43 mg, respectively. The experimental and control pigs were immunised with 5 ml aluminum hydroxide gel-absorbed purified horse globulin on the first and fourth days of the treatment period. Blood samples were withdrawn on days 7, 14 and 21 and used for the determination of the titre of anti-horse globulin antibody, for an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation test, using purified horse globulin, phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin-A and for determinations of the immune complex, the cytotoxic reaction and the phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of circulating granulocytes. The samples taken on day 21 were also used to determine the erythrocyte count, the mean cell volume of the erythrocytes, the haematocrit, the blood haemoglobin concentration, the leucocyte count and the proportion of T lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment samples were taken from the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes for histological examination. The diets that contained 2 and 3 mg T-2 toxin/kg caused a significant decrease in the red blood cell count, the mean corpuscular volume and the haemoglobin concentration. A significant decrease in the leucocyte count and the proportion of T lymphocytes was observed in all the treatment groups. There were also dose-dependent, significant decreases in antibody formation and in the blastogenic transformation of lymphocytes, and mild to moderate reactive processes were observed histologically in the lymphoid organs.
Vet Rec 1995 May 20
PMID:Effect of various levels of T-2 toxin in the immune system of growing pigs. 766 May 48

An enteric disease has occurred for four consecutive years (1989 to 1992) in a spring-calving beef suckler herd in east central Scotland affecting seven- to 12-week-old beef calves. The affected animals remained pyrexic (40 to 42 degrees C) with an acute enteritis which progressed in some cases to severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis. Despite intensive antibiotic and fluid therapy 25 per cent of the affected calves died after five to 10 days of illness. Post mortem examination revealed ulceration and necrosis of the mucosa of the abomasum and small and large intestine. Haematological examinations revealed a severe, non-regenerative neutropenia. Histopathological examination of gut and associated lymphoid tissue revealed lesions similar to those described in bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) infection but detailed investigations failed to reveal evidence of active BVD virus infection in the herd. No aetiological agent has been found in association with this disease, for which the term necrotic enteritis is proposed.
Vet Rec 1994 Mar 19
PMID:Necrotic enteritis of unknown aetiology in young beef calves at pasture. 805 16

In this report, we describe lymphoid nodules consistently found in the distal region of each chicken caecum at approximately 3 cm from the ileo-cecal junction. These structures were studied by light microscopy both in normal and Eimeria tenella-infected chickens. They were observed with the naked eye in infected birds but not in normal chickens. In these latter the region of the caecal lamina propria corresponding to that in which the lymphoid aggregates were visible revealed a light infiltration by diffuse lymphoid tissue as well as a few germinal centers. The distal lymphoid nodules were studied using a panel of monoclonal antibodies which are specific for chicken Ig-containing cells, macrophages, Ia-like positive cells, and interdigitating cells, as well as a policlonal antiserum reactive with S-100 protein to stain both interdigitating cells and follicular dendritic cells. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated the resemblance of these aggregates to the caecal tonsils, suggesting that they represent specialized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that respond to antigens in the caecal lumen, their function being to enhance the mucosal defense provided by the caecal tonsils against antigens in the lumen of the caeca.
Anat Rec 1993 Dec
PMID:Characterization of distal lymphoid nodules in the chicken caecum. 831 Dec 64

Twelve miniature pigs were infected experimentally with the moderately-virulent Spanish isolate of African swine fever virus E75. The disease was reproduced acutely and subacutely, and six days after infection the animals showed severe clinical and pathological signs characterised by diffuse haemorrhages in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. An immunohistopathological study, using two different methods, and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) (18BG3) were used to analyse the distribution of the virus protein 73 (VP73) and IgM and IgG. VP73 was observed primarily in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, and in many megakaryocytes, some tubular epithelial cells of the kidneys, tonsillar epithelium, some hepatocytes, and in a few endothelial cells and neutrophils in the later stages of the infection. The histological findings and the distribution of VP73 and IgM and IgG indicated that the virus caused haemorrhagic lesions through its effect on various haemostatic mechanisms.
Vet Rec 1996 Sep 14
PMID:African swine fever: morphopathology of a viral haemorrhagic disease. 888 59

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is traditionally regarded as a disease with a short clinical course, low morbidity and high case fatality rate. Owing to the limitations of the assays used for laboratory diagnosis. It was difficult in characterise the clinical spectrum of sheep-associated MCF, particularly when the cattle recovered from an MCF-like clinical syndrome. Over a period of three years, 11 cattle that survived MCF for up to two-and-a-half years were identified on four premises. A clinical diagnosis of MCF was confirmed by the detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA in peripheral blood leucocytes using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that detects a specific 238 base-pair fragment of viral genomic DNA. Of the 11 cattle examined, six recovered clinically with the exception of bilateral corneal oedema with stromal keratitis (four animals) and unilateral perforating keratitis (one animal). The 10 animals available for postmortem examination had disseminated subacute to chronic arteriopathy. Recovery was associated with the resolution of the acute lymphoid panarteritis that characterises the acute phase of MCF, and with the development of generalised chronic obliterative arteriosclerosis. Bilateral leucomata were due in part to the focal destruction of corneal endothelium secondary to acute endothelialitis. Formalin-fixed tissues and/or unfixed lymphoid cells from all 11 cattle were positive for sheep-associated MCF by PCR. These observations indicate that recovery and chronic disease are a significant part of the clinical spectrum of MCF and that such cases occur with some frequency in the area studied. The affected cattle remain persistently infected by the putative sheep-associated MCF gammaherpesvirus.
Vet Rec 1997 May 17
PMID:Chronic and recovered cases of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. 953

Fell pony foals developed a syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy. They became ill in the second or third week, and died in the second or third month of life. Clinical and pathological investigations revealed severe anaemia associated with small numbers of late erythroid precursors in bone marrow, small thymi, an absence of secondary lymphoid follicles, a lack of plasma cells and neuronal chromatolysis involving trigeminal, cranial mesenteric and dorsal root ganglia. Some of the foals had cryptosporidial enteritis and adenoviral bronchopneumonia and pancreatitis. The clinical and pathological findings were compatible with an intrinsic defect.
Vet Rec 1998 Feb 07
PMID:A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals. 950 45

The superficial cervical and the subiliac lymph nodes of 18 healthy, non-pregnant Simmental cows with a mean (sd) age of 5-6 (1.6) years were examined ultrasonographically in transverse and longitudinal planes with a real-time B-mode unit equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear-transducer. The position, demarcation and echogenicity of the lymph nodes were examined, and the craniocaudal and lateromedial diameters of each lymph node were measured three times within a period of six weeks. The pole to pole length of the lymph nodes was determined with a tape measure on the surface of the skin because the whole length could not be imaged in a single scan field. The gross anatomical and histological results showed that the lymph nodes were normal. Ultrasonographically, they were well demarcated from the adjoining muscular and subcutaneous tissue. Their internal structure was characterised by an anechoic to hypoechoic cortical zone corresponding to the lymphoid tissue, and an echogenic medullary zone, where the lymphatic sinuses converge towards the hilus and produce numerous acoustic interfaces. In all the lymph nodes, the hilar area had an echoic to hyperechoic appearance. The mean (sd) pole to pole length of the superficial cervical lymph nodes was 15.5 (3.2) cm and of the subiliac lymph nodes 13.5 (2.4) cm. The mean craniocaudal and lateromedial diameters of the superficial cervical lymph nodes were 2.8 (0.3) cm and 1.6 (0.3) cm, and those of the subiliac lymph nodes were 2.4 (0.4) cm and 1.1 (0.3) cm. The ultrasonographic morphology of these normal lymph nodes was consistent and provides basic reference data for the investigation of lymphadenopathies in cattle.
Vet Rec 1998 Apr 18
PMID:Ultrasonographic appearance of normal superficial cervical and subiliac lymph nodes in cattle. 959 31

A six-day-old Missouri foxtrotter colt was examined because it had had diarrhoea since it was 24 hours old. A diagnosis of colitis, septicaemia, and disruption of the arterial blood flow to the pelvic limbs was made on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. Despite intensive medical therapy, the foal died 13 hours after being examined. Postmortem examination revealed diffuse fibrinous enteritis with lymphoid necrosis, multifocal fibrinonecrotic typhlocolitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a large occluding thrombus at the aortic termination. The results of bacteriological culturing supported the diagnosis of septicaemia leading to activation of the clotting cascade, disseminated intravascular coagulation, aorto-iliac thrombosis and infarction of the pelvic limbs.
Vet Rec 1998 Apr 25
PMID:Aorto-iliac thrombosis in a foal. 960 15

Ovine lentivirus (OvLV), a retrovirus, infects and disseminates to various tissue organs via monocytes. The differentiation of infected monocytes into macrophages is a prerequisite for viral replication, and the presence of infected macrophages in tissue organs induces chronic immunopathology such as lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. The pulmonary intravascular macrophage (PIM) is a recently identified mononuclear phagocyte in domestic animal species, including sheep. Recombinant ovine interferon-tau (roIFN-tau), a type I IFN originally named as the ovine trophoblast protein, has potent antiviral activity against OvLV and human immunodeficiency virus and prevents the development of OvLV-associated lung pathology. We investigated and compared the structural features of PIMs in OvLV-infected and/or roIFN-tau-treated 1-month-old lambs using transmission electron microscopy. The PIMs' numerical counts were performed in toluidine blue-stained sections of Epoxy-embedded lung tissues. A reduction in the number of PIMs was observed with OvLV infection and/or roIFN-tau treatment of lambs as compared to the control group (P < or = 0.05). The majority of the PIMs in OvLV-infected and/or roIFN-tau-treated groups were devoid of their surface coat. The PIMs of OvLV-infected lambs exhibited signs of biosynthetic activation such as expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi complexes, and accumulation of secretory vesicles. A few PIMs contained OvLV-like structures. In roIFN-tau-treated OvLV-infected lambs, the lymphocytes had ruffled plasma membranes and were in intimate contact with the PIMs, as is observed during cytotoxic cell-mediated killing of target cells. Most of the PIMs in roIFN-tau-treated OvLV-infected lambs appeared smaller in size. Ovine lentivirus and roIFN-tau, individually or in combination, alter the integrity of the surface coat of PIMs and cause their disappearance from the lungs. Ovine lentivirus infection induces morphological changes that correlate with cytotoxic cell behavior between lymphocytes and PIMs in roIFN-tau-treated or placebo-treated lambs. The loss of PIMs, probably infected with OvLV, either through direct killing by roIFN-tau or indirectly by roIFN-tau-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes may represent different aspects of therapeutic actions of this cytokine.
Anat Rec 1998 08
PMID:Structural responses of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in lentivirus-infected and/or recombinant ovine interferon-tau-treated lambs. 971 85


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