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Intact soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in the rat were freely grafted to the contralateral leg after either no preliminary treatment or 14 days prior denervation. Normal muscle grafts during the first week were characterized by a central zone of degenerating original muscle fibers (disappearing by 7-9 days) and a peripheral zone, containing regenerating muscle as well as small numbers of surviving original muscle fibers. A radial gradient of regeneration was establihed, with more mature muscle at the periphery and less mature muscle toward the center. Denervated grafts were characterized by rapid degeneration (within 2-3 days) of original muscle fibers in the central area, rapid appearance of regenerating muscle fibers (e.g. cross striations by 5 days) with uniform levels of differentiation throughout the graft and larger numbers of surviving original muscle fibers at the periphery. During the first week, stages of muscle differentiation in denervated grafts were attained 1-2 days earlier than comparable stages in normal grafts. Later stages of muscle differentiation were similar in both types of grafts. Histochemical studies revealed a loss of enzyme activity (phosphorylase, ATPase and SDH) in the center of early (2-4-day) normal and denervated grafts. Denervated grafts, however, possessed a thicker peripheral rim of enzymatically active surviving muscle fibers than normal grafts. In both types of grafts the old muscle fibers in the center were replaced by enzymatically active regenerating muscle fibers which stained uniformaly (ATPase) until 30 days. By 60 days a mixed fiber pattern had developed. Muscle spindles were found within the grafts.
Anat Rec 1975 Sep
PMID:Regneration in free grafts of normal and denervated muscles in the rat: morphology and histochemistry. 12 50

The effects of denervation on the gastrocnemius muscle of the frog were studied by histologic and histochemical methods. Thirteen Rana pipiens underwent unilateral sciatic neurotomy and were sacrificed weekly as long as 46 days. Of the three normal populations of muscle fibers, the small fibers underwent atrophy, the intermediate sized fibers remained unchanged in size, and the large fibers either did not change or underwent hypertrophy between 21 and 46 days. Necrosis of muscle fibers did not occur. Histochemical stains showed persistence of the normal pattern after denervation. The small fibers continued to have a high concentration of both oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activity (NADH-TR, SDH, phosphorylase), and the large fibers continued to have a low concentration of these enzymes. Depletion of glycogen stores was seen with PAS. Hypertrophic muscle fibers had mostly subsarcolemmal nuclei and few internal nuclei, suggesting that they may be physiologically tonic rather than twitch fibers. Achilles tenotomy at the time of denervation prevented the hypertrophy of large fibers. Abnormal inclusions have been demonstrated in mammalian muscle following tenotomy alone, but were not seen in the frog.
Anat Rec 1977 Mar
PMID:Effects of denervation and tenotomy on the gastrocnemius muscle in the frog: a histologic and histochemical study. 13 33

A comparison of the anatomy, fiber type profiles, and contractile properties of the wrist flexor muscles was undertaken in the cat. Isometric contractile characteristics were measured for each muscle. Three muscle fiber types, FG, FOG, and SO, were differentiated by staining cross sections of each muscle for ATPase, NADH diaphorase, SDH, and alpha-GPD activities. The wrist flexor muscles ranged from less than 1% to 49% SO fiber content; with two of the five heads of the flexor digitorium profundus (FDP) having 1% or less SO fibers (FDP1-1.07%, FDP5-0.81%) and the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCUh) having the greatest content of SO fibers. The mean contraction time (CT) plus one-half relaxation time for an isometric twitch was correlated with the percentage of SO fibers and ranged from 40.5 to 111.8 ms. Except for the FCU (37ms), the CT was less than 25 ms for the wrist flexor muscles. The uniarticular wrist flexor muscles, the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and the FCU had the highest percentage of SO fibers and were more fatigue-resistant that the multiarticular muscles. Considerable differences exist in muscle structure, fiber type proportions, and contractile properties between the FCR and FCU, which may be related to functional differences between the two sides of the wrist that may exist during the placement of the foot during locomotion.
Anat Rec 1981 Mar
PMID:Morphological organization and contractile properties of the wrist flexor muscles in the cat. 725 81

Four fiber types have been characterized in different pigeon skeletal muscles according to their innervation pattern (nerve ending structure and innervation distribution) and histochemical properties (SDH and m-ATPase activities). All fast fibers, types IIA and IIB, present aggregated distribution of their nerve endings with "en plaque" structures and very low innervation frequencies. The two kinds of slow fibers recognized are multiple innervated and present higher innervation frequencies. However, type I fibers have nerve terminals in small knobs with uniform localization, whereas type III fibers present "en grappe" nerve endings, which tend to be randomly distributed. Fiber type composition of skeletal muscles has been found closely related to their biomechanical function. Fast fibers are predominant in muscles with an active role in locomotive movements, whereas slow fibers are mainly or exclusively located in postural muscles.
Anat Rec 1993 Oct
PMID:Innervation distribution pattern, nerve ending structure, and fiber types in pigeon skeletal muscle. 823 69