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Plasma total lipid, cholesterol, all-trans retinol (vitamin A) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) concentrations, and the susceptibility of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis in vitro were investigated in healthy laboratory-bred common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and total cholesterol were similar to those of control human subjects. The mean lipid concentration was higher (P less than 0.025) and the retinol concentration lower (P less than 0.001) in the marmosets. The susceptibility of the erythrocytes of the marmosets to hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis was high, both in absolute value and relative to the controls. Changes in phospholipid and fatty acid composition might have rendered the red cells susceptible to oxidative stress.
Vet Rec 1990 Apr 28
PMID:Plasma vitamins A and E and hydrogen peroxide-induced in vitro erythrocyte haemolysis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). 211 54

Differentiation of circulating erythrocytes was inhibited by all-trans-retinoic acid in 8- and 9-day-old mouse embryos exposed in utero on day 8 of gestation. Histochemical, light, and electron microscopic examinations revealed that all-trans-retinoic acid first decreased the numbers of polychromatic erythroblasts and then increased them. Simultaneously, immature erythroblasts proliferated, and differentiation of mature primitive erythrocytes was suppressed. Electron microscopy of these immature erythroblasts revealed monosomes rather than the usual polyribosomes in the cytoplasm. RNA histochemistry revealed a greater number of intermediate differentiating erythroblasts with pyronin-positive cytoplasm than those in the controls and revealed also a dose-dependent relationship between the number of polychromatic erythroblasts with positive pyronin staining and the controls. These findings suggest that all-trans-retinoic acid destroys the messenger RNA system, resulting in an inability to produce hemoglobin.
Anat Rec 1989 Jan
PMID:Suppression of erythroid cell differentiation in mouse embryos exposed to retinoic acid in utero. 246 57

Retinoids, including all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and its stereoisomer 9-cis-RA play important roles in regulating gene expression, through interactions with nuclear receptors, during embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult epithelial tissues (Chambon, P. (1995) Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 50, 317-32; Mangelsdorf, D. J., and Evans, R. M. (1995) Cell 83, 841-850; Petkovich, M. (1992) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 12, 443-471). Evidence suggests that 4-hydroxylation of RA inside the target cell limits its biological activity and initiates a degradative process of RA leading to its eventual elimination. However, 18-hydroxylation and glucuronidation may also be important steps in this process. In this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of the first mammalian retinoic acid-inducible retinoic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (hP450RAI), which belongs to a novel class of cytochromes (CYP26). We demonstrate that hP450RAI is responsible for generation of several hydroxylated forms of RA, including 4-OH-RA, 4-oxo-RA, and 18-OH-RA. We also show that hP450RAI mRNA expression is highly induced by RA in certain human tumor cell lines and further show that RA-inducible RA metabolism may correlate with P450RAI expression. We conclude that this enzyme plays a key role in RA metabolism, functioning in a feedback loop where RA levels are controlled in an autoregulatory manner.
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PMID:cDNA cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) identifies a novel family of cytochromes P450. 922 17

Xenopus has become a useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying orofacial development. However, few quantitative analyses exist to describe the anatomy of this region. In this study we combine traditional facial measurements with geometric morphometrics to describe anatomical changes in the orofacial region during normal and abnormal development. Facial measurements and principal component (PC) analysis indicate that during early tadpole development the face expands primarily in the midface region accounting for the development of the upper jaw and primary palate. The mouth opening correspondingly becomes flatter and wider as it incorporates the jaw elements. A canonical variate analysis of orofacial and mouth opening shape emphasized that changes in the orofacial shape occur gradually. Orofacial anatomy was quantified after altered levels of retinoic acid using all-trans retinoic acid or an inhibitor of retinoic acid receptors or by injecting antisense oligos targeting RALDH2. Such perturbations resulted in major decreases in the width of the midface and the mouth opening illustrated in facial measurements and a PC analysis. The mouth opening shape also had a gap in the primary palate resulting in a median cleft in the mouth opening that was only illustrated quantitatively in the morphometric analysis. Finally, canonical and discriminant function analysis statistically distinguished the orofacial and mouth opening shape changes among the different modes used to alter retinoic acid signaling levels. By combining quantitative analyses with molecular studies of orofacial development we will be better equipped to understand the complex morphogenetic processes involved in palate development and clefting.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014 May
PMID:Quantitative analysis of orofacial development and median clefts in Xenopus laevis. 2444 52