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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Muscle spindles were sought in peri-auricular muscles of several primate species (rhesus monkey, woolly monkey, and baboon). Transverse sections cut at 10 mu and stained primarily by a silver impregnation technique were examined using light microscopy. Spindles were identified on the basis of standard criteria. Posterior and/or superior auricular muscles of each species were found to contain spindles. At least some muscles innervated by facial nerve have classical spindles as component structures.
Anat Rec 1977 Nov
PMID:Muscle spindles in nonhuman primate extrinsic auricular muscles. 14 46

From 1995 to 1997 cataracts were observed in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Ireland, Norway and Scotland at around the time of smoltification (when freshwater fish become adapted to the hypertonic seawater) in both fresh- and seawater fish. Over 38,000 fish were screened for the presence of cataracts. Posterior cortical cataracts were the earliest and most consistent change, followed by perinuclear, equatorial and anterior cortical cataracts. On histological examination vacuolation of the lens fibres was consistently present in the posterior cortex. The pattern of the outbreak suggested that a nutritional factor was involved although the variable incidence and severity of the condition indicated that a number of modifying factors may have been involved in the expression of the condition.
Vet Rec 1998 Jun 06
PMID:Cataracts in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Ireland, Norway and Scotland from 1995 to 1997. 972 94

Various populations of intrinsic cardiac neurons influence regional cardiac function tonically. It is not known whether such neurons are affected by disease states and, if so, in what manner. Therefore, the morphology of intrinsic cardiac ganglia obtained from patients with angiographic evidence of compromised regional coronary blood supply was studied. Posterior atrial ganglia and surrounding fat, removed at the time of cardiac surgery, were placed immediately in saline and within 15-120 min (average of about 40 min) in 0.5% paraformaldehyde/2.5% glutaraldehyde. In 32 studied ganglia, 35% of 473 intrinsic cardiac neurons displayed striking pathological changes at the light and ultrastructural level. The other cells displayed normal morphology. The cytoplasm of 74% of the abnormal cells had one or more of three types of inclusions: (1) darkly stained lamellated inclusions (Type I), (2) membrane-bound whorls and parallel arrays of lightly stained membranes, as well as fine granular material (Type II), or (3) concentric layers of lightly stained membranes with a darker, granular core (Type III). Neurons with inclusions were markedly enlarged (66 x 54 microm vs. 40 x 34 microm for normal neurons) and displayed fewer dendrites. Some neurons contained electron lucent vacuoles indicative of degeneration while others showed frank degeneration, being fragmented, shrunken, and misshapen. Phagocytic cells containing lamellated inclusions and cellular debris were found in ganglia with abnormal neurons. Some axon terminals also displayed degenerative changes. The identification of pathological changes in the human intrinsic cardiac nervous system has implications with respect to the functional integrity of this final common regulator of cardiac function in disease states.
Anat Rec 2000 08 01
PMID:Pathology of intrinsic cardiac neurons from ischemic human hearts. 1090 34

There have been suggestions made recently that our understanding of the atrioventricular junctions of the heart is less than adequate, with claims for several new findings concerning the arrangement of the ordinary working myocardium and the specialised pathways for atrioventricular conduction. In reality, these claims are grossly exaggerated. The structure and architecture of the pathways for conduction between the atrial and ventricular myocardium are exactly as described by Tawara nearly 100 years ago. The recent claims stem from a failure to assess histological findings in the light of criterions established by Monckeberg and Aschoff following a similar controversy in 1910. The atrioventricular junctions are the areas where the atrial myocardium inserts into, and is separated from, the base of the ventricular mass, apart from at the site of penetration of the specialised axis for atrioventricular conduction. There are two such junctions in the normal heart, surrounding the orifices of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The true septal area between the junctions is of very limited extent, being formed by the membranous septum. Posterior and inferior to this septal area, the atrial myocardium overlies the crest of the ventricular septum, with the atrial component being demarcated by the landmarks of the triangle of Koch. The adjacent structures, and in particular the so-called inferior pyramidal space, were accurately described by McAlpine (Heart and Coronary Arteries, 1975). Thus, again there is no need for revision of our understanding. The key to unravelling much of the alleged controversy is the recognition that, as indicated by Tawara, the atrioventricular node becomes the atrioventricular bundle at the point where the overall axis for conduction penetrates into the central fibrous body. There are also marked differences in arrangement, also described by Tawara, between the disposition of the conduction axis in man as compared to the dog.
Anat Rec 2000 09 01
PMID:Anatomy of the human atrioventricular junctions revisited. 1096 39

Inferences about how the complex somatosensory systems of anthropoid primates evolved are based on comparative studies of such systems in extant mammals. Experimental studies of members of the major clades of extant mammals suggest that somatosensory cortex of early mammals consisted of only a few areas, including a primary area, S1, bordered by strip-like rostral and caudal somatosensory fields, SR and SC. In addition, the second somatosensory area, S2, and the parietal ventral area, PV, were probably present. S1, S2, and PV were activated independently via parallel projections from the ventroposterior nucleus, VP. Little posterior parietal cortex existed, and it was unlikely that a separate primary motor area, M1, existed until placental mammals evolved. Early primates retained this basic organization and also had a larger posterior parietal region that mediated sensorimotor functions via connections with motor and premotor areas. The frontal cortex included M1, dorsal and ventral premotor areas, supplementary motor area, and cingulate motor fields. Ventroposterior superior and ventroposterior inferior nuclei were distinct from the ventroposterior nucleus in the thalamus. In early anthropoid primates, areas S1, SR, and SC had differentiated into the fields now recognized as areas 3b, 3a, and 1. Areas 3b and 1 contained parallel mirror-image representations of cutaneous receptors and a parallel representation in area 2 was probable. Serial processing became dominant, so that neurons in areas 1, S2, and PV became dependent on area 3b for activation. Posterior parietal cortex expanded into more areas that related to frontal cortex. Less is known about changes that might have occurred with the emergence of apes and humans, but their brains were larger and posed scaling problems most likely solved by increasing the number of cortical areas and reducing the proportion of long connections.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Nov
PMID:Evolution of somatosensory and motor cortex in primates. 1547 Jun 73

The evolution of a specialized pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) has been argued to be the key evolutionary innovation that allowed the explosive adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in East African lakes. Subsequent studies together with recent molecular phylogenies have shown that similar innovations evolved independently several times within the teleosts, which poses the questions: (1) how similar are the developmental mechanisms responsible for these changes in divergent taxa and (2) how did such complex features arise independently in evolution? A detailed knowledge of PJA development in cichlids and other teleosts is needed to address these questions. Here, we provide a detailed account of the development of the PJA in one species of cichlid, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), from the early segmentation and patterning of its embryonic precursors - pharyngeal arches 3 to 7 - to its ossification. We find that pharyngeal segmentation occurs sequentially from anterior to posterior during early segmentation stages through the mid-pharyngula period. We show a clear combinatorial code of Hox gene expression such that each posterior arch is defined by a distinctive Hox signature. Posterior arch chondrogenesis in tilapia is essentially complete by the end of the hatching period, and most elements become ossified over the next two days. Our results reveal that both the fusion of lower jaw bones and articulation between the neurocranium and upper jaws occur during post-embryonic development.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Nov
PMID:Embryonic development and skeletogenesis of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in the cichlid Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 1971 17