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Transverse histological sections from T10-11, T11-12, T12-L1, and L1-2 zygapophyseal joints were examined in 32 post-mortem spines, using light microscopy, to record the presence of intra-articular synovial fold inclusions. In addition, three mid-joint sections from each joint were photographed using 35 mm colour film. From these slides, linear dimensions of the extent of intra-articular synovial fold projection between the zygapophyseal joints were measured using computer-aided planimetry. Small, fibrous folds were commonly found at the joint margins extending from the ligamentum flavum and the fibrous joint capsule. Larger, fibro-adipose synovial folds, projecting between the articular surfaces, were also noted, particularly at T12-L1 and L1-2.
Anat Rec 1990 Feb
PMID:Intra-articular synovial folds of thoracolumbar junction zygapophyseal joints. 230 34

Only a few studies have concerned themselves with the development of the fetal vertebral column, and this paper attempts to extend the literature. Standards are presented for the growth in width of the human vertebral column between 10 and 26 weeks of conceptual age. The growth patterns show that cervical and lumbar enlargements are not present at 8 weeks but develop slowly and become clearly present at 26 weeks. The growth equations also show that groups of vertebrae have their own growth patterns, indicating that the vertebral column could be separated into five groups: C1-C5, C6-C7, T1-T12, L1-S1, and S2-S5. Furthermore, comparisons with growth patterns available for growth in length from other studies reveal that some vertebrae appear to develop in one dimension independently of another.
Anat Rec 1982 Nov
PMID:A radiographic study of the growth in width of the human fetal vertebral column. 715 30

Current norms for renal vasculature hold true in only half the population. Standard textbooks perpetuate old misconceptions regarding renal venous anatomy. This study is aimed to determine left and right infra-renal angles (L-IRA, R-IRA); entry level of renal veins into the inferior vena cava (IVC), and height of IVC under renal vein influence; and their vertebral level. One hundred morphologically normal en-bloc renal specimens randomly selected from post-mortem examinations were dissected and resin casted. IRA were also measured from venograms of 32 adult and 11 foetal cadavers, as were vertebral entry levels. IRA measurements (degrees) were as follows: left, 55 degrees +/- 16 degrees (20 degrees -102 degrees ); right, 60 degrees +/- 17 degrees (10 degrees -93 degrees ). Left vein entered IVC higher than right 54%, lower 36%, and opposite each other 10%. Vertical distance between lower borders of veins was 1.0 +/- 0.9 cm. Vertical distance of IVC under renal vein influence was 2.3 +/- 1.0 cm. Vertebral level of veins in adults lies between TI2-L2. In foetuses, IRA was as follows: left, 65 degrees +/- 12 degrees (45 degrees -90 degrees ); right, 58 degrees +/- 7 degrees (40 degrees -70 degrees ); vertebral level between T12 and L3. Similar IRA values from literature noted on right, 51 degrees (26 degrees -100 degrees ); differences on left, 77 degrees (43 degrees -94 degrees ), clearly differing from Williams et al. (Gray's Anatomy, 37(th) ed, 1989) statement that renal veins "open into the inferior vena cava almost at right angles." Large variations of IRA are not surprising since kidneys are considered normally "floating viscera," varying position with posture and respiratory movement as well as in live vs. cadaveric subjects. The entry level into the IVC also differs from Williams et al. This study uniquely quantitated actual height difference between lower borders of left and right veins. The data presented appears to be the first documentation of vertebral level of entry of renal veins into IVC in foetuses. These findings are clinically important for the angiographer, catheter design, and planning porto-renal shunt procedures.
Anat Rec 1999 10 01
PMID:Infra-renal angles, entry into inferior vena cava and vertebral levels of renal veins. 1048 18

Vertebral deformity, intervertebral disc disorganisation, and change to vertebral bone architecture are morphological features that are associated with low back pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the morphological disorganisation of the intervertebral disc on vertebral body shape indices and vertebral cancellous bone architecture. Lumbar spines, T12-S1, were collected from 27 cadavers. The motion segments T12-L1, L2-L3 and L4-L5 were selected for the study. There were 8 females aged 35-94 years and 19 males aged 20-90 years. An intervertebral disc grade signifying the severity of disc disorganisation was assigned to each disc using the macroscopic disc grading criteria of Hansson and Roos (Spine, 1981; 6:147-153.). Vertebral shape indices and vertebral body bone histomorphometric analyses were performed on the vertebral bodies. Where appropriate, data were age adjusted and the influence of morphological disc disorganisation on vertebral body deformity and cancellous bone architecture analysed. Increased vertebral body axial area and the ratio of vertebral body axial area to sagittal area were associated with an increase in vertebral deformity and disc disorganisation. This suggests that vertebral deformity that remains clinically silent in the general population is influenced by intervertebral disc disorganisation. Vertebral cancellous bone architecture undergoes change associated with increased disc disorganisation, consistent with increased vertebral deformity. Vertebral bodies adjacent to degenerate discs (Grade 4) showed increased BV/TV and Tb.Th and decreased BS/BV. This shows that disc disorganisation may modulate vertebral cancellous bone architecture such that it protects against age-related bone changes. In addition, vertebral body wedging and concavity are associated with smaller vertebral body size and vertebral body compression is associated with larger vertebral body size and compromised cancellous bone architecture.
Anat Rec 2001 03 01
PMID:Intervertebral disc disorganisation and its relationship to age adjusted vertebral body morphometry and vertebral bone architecture. 1124 Dec 1

This study presents a methodology for measuring the thickness of trabecular rods directly from anaglyphs. Macerated sagittal slices of T12 vertebral bodies from 15 subjects were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two digital images (the second image tilted 5 degrees ) were recorded, and a 3D anaglyph was created. The thickness of the trabecular rods (Tb.Th((rods))), and the anatomical orientation of the trabecular rods were measured using an image analyser. Conventional 2D histomorphometry was performed on adjacent bone slices. A total of 1559 rod measurements were made from the 15 vertebral bone slices, with a mean Tb.Th((rods)) of 123 +/- 36 microm. The rod thickness in males (128 +/- 34 microm) was significantly greater than that in females (119 +/- 37 microm, P < 0.001). Tb.Th((rods)) changed significantly with age in the males: the thicker rods in the younger men reduced with age to a thickness similar to that in women. 3D measurements were significantly larger than the 2D estimates, and there was no correlation between the two methods of measurement. An inverse correlation was found between the number of rods and the bone volume fraction (BV/TV), indicating that decreased BV/TV is associated with an increased number of rods. The vertical rods (132 +/- 39 microm) were significantly thicker than the horizontal rods (116 +/- 33 microm, P < 0.001). The determination of rod numbers, and their orientation and individual thicknesses enables a greater understanding of cancellous bone architecture in both individuals and populations, and will allow more reliable finite element modelling. Direct measurements from 3D anaglyphs of intact specimens provide new data that show previously unrecognised age- and sex-related changes.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003 Apr
PMID:Trabecular rod thickness by direct measurement from 3D SEM anaglyphs. 1262 71

The sexual dimorphism in age-related loss of human vertebral cancellous bone is not fully understood and could be related to dimorphism in the bone cell populations. The objective of this study was to investigate age- and gender-related differences in the osteocyte population and its relationship with bone volume fraction for human vertebral cancellous bone. Histomorphometric techniques were used to quantify osteocyte lacunae (a measure of osteocyte population) and bone volume fraction in male and female human T12 vertebrae, the most common site of vertebral fracture. Two measures of osteocyte population [number of osteocytes per bone area (OtLcDn) and number of osteocytes per total area (OtLcN/TA)] and their relationships with age and bone volume fraction were found to be sexually dimorphic. Dimorphism in osteocyte density may explain the dimorphic patterns of bone loss in human vertebrae due to the sensory and signal communication functions that osteocytes perform.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005 Feb
PMID:Sexual dimorphism and age dependence of osteocyte lacunar density for human vertebral cancellous bone. 1562 86

In order to know reproduction-related complications due to standing laparoscopic peritoneal flap hernioplasty, histological characteristics of the testicles from five stallions one year after surgery were compared with seven testicles from four healthy stallions. Moreover, the daily sperm output (DSO) was determined before (T0) and one year after surgery (T12). DSO did not show significant differences between T0 and T12. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules was significantly decreased in the samples from the hernioplasty group. The percentage of tubules with full spermatogenesis was smaller in the hernioplasty group, but the difference was not significant. It can be concluded that standing laparoscopic peritoneal flap hernioplasty produced mild histological changes in the testicular parenchyma, epididymis and pampiniform plexus after one year follow-up.
Vet Rec 2016 Apr 30
PMID:Histological findings in equine testes one year after standing laparoscopic peritoneal flap hernioplasty. 2704 51