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Rabbits were intravenously primed with the antigens human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG). The antigens were given simultaneously, or at an interval of 1, 2, or 4 days. After 2 months an intravenous booster injection with both antigens was given simultaneously. The localization pattern of anti-HSA-antibody-containing cells and of anti-BGG-antibody-containing cells in the spleen was determined during both the primary and secondary immune response. Anti-HSA-antibody-containing cells and anti-BGG-antibody-containing cells were not distributed randomly but, rather, were found in defined groups during the induction of an immune response. The most probable explanation for this grouping is that lymphoid cells, once triggered to proliferation by a particular antigen, show a clonal development in the spleen. During their proliferation and successive antibody formation, they migrate only slowly, so that they remain close together. Specific-antibody-containing cells were also detected in the popliteal lymph nodes and in the appendix of the rabbits.
Anat Rec 1984 Jul
PMID:Double immunocytochemical evidence for a clonal development of specific antibody-containing cells in the rabbit spleen. 620 10

Studies of Sertoli cell structure, maturation, and function have been aided by the use of in vitro systems. Although numerous papers have appeared that utilize the Sertoli cell culture model, few papers have dealt with the characterization of these cells under various culture environments. Recently, it has been reported that the addition of serum to the culture medium prevents induction of long cytoplasmic appendages in cultured Sertoli cells that have been treated with FSH, TSH, or c-AMP. The purpose of this investigation was to determine which serum components, obtained by gel filtration, are capable of inhibiting the morphological response induced by FSH, TSH, or c-AMP. Sertoli cell-enriched cultures were prepared using collagenase and trypsin digestion, each followed by gravity sedimentation. Untreated cells grown on plastic or glass substrates assumed an epithelioid appearance after several days. Cells treated with FSH, TSH, or c-AMP formed long cytoplasmic appendages after 1-2 days. This response was prevented or reversed by the addition of fetal calf serum (10%), crystallized bovine serum albumin (0.25%-2%), or purified albumin obtained by gel filtration of whole serum (0.25%). It was also found that fractions that elute between the void volume and the initial albumin fractions (molecular weights of approximately 50,000 and greater) mimic the hormone-induced response after only 10-12 hours. The results of this investigation indicate that albumin is the primary serum component responsible for inhibiting morphological alterations induced by FSH, TSH, and c-AMP. Furthermore, it is apparent that the production of long filamentous cytoplasmic appendages in Sertoli cells can be induced by a wide variety of substances.
Anat Rec 1980 Jun
PMID:Effects of serum components on the morphology of Sertoli cells in culture. 625 34

In order to study the distribution pattern of specific antibody-containing cells in the spleen of rabbits during the secondary immune response, rabbits were given two intravenous injections of either free or liposome-associated human serum albumin (HSA) within an interval of 2 months. Demonstration of specific antibody-containing cells was performed by incubation of sections of spleen with HSA-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugates, followed by peroxidase cytochemistry. Specific anti-HSA antibody-containing cells were detected already within 2 days after booster and peak numbers were found 4 days after booster. The bulk of these cells localized in the coaxial lymphocyte sheaths surrounding the terminal arterioles in the spleen. Specific antibody-containing cells were also found in the follicles. Using a double immunoenzyme technique we demonstrated that a majority of the specific antibody-containing cells produced immunoglobulin G(IgG) antibodies. From the results, it is also concluded that, after a priming injection with liposome-associated HSA, liposomes do not further enhance the secondary immune response, when they are also used for the booster injection.
Anat Rec 1984 Apr
PMID:The development of specific antibody-containing cells in the spleen of rabbits during the secondary immune response against free or liposome-associated albumin antigen. 661 Mar 67

Large subcutaneous fluid swellings developed on some of the sheep in two flocks infested with Psoroptes ovis during the two weeks after they had been plunge-dipped in phenol-based solutions. The swellings contained between 1 and 10 litres of exudate and affected 4 per cent of the sheep in each flock. The sheep with subcutaneous fluid swellings or exudative dermatitis had significantly lower serum albumin concentrations than the unaffected sheep (P < 0.05). In most cases secondary bacterial infections of the exudate occurred and these necessitated intensive antibiotic therapy. The severity of the skin lesions posed a serious welfare problem.
Vet Rec 1995 Mar 04
PMID:Severe post-dipping dermatitis and subcutaneous fluid swellings associated with two outbreaks of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis infestation) 779 31

A naturally occurring outbreak of sheep scab in a flock of 202 ewes during mid-pregnancy resulted in exudation from the scab lesions and hypoalbuminaemia lasting for two to 10 weeks in the severely affected ewes. The serum albumin concentration at the time of diagnosis and two weeks after treatment with ivermectin was inversely correlated with the severity of the scab lesions (P < 0.001). The loss of body condition score over a period of 48 days after treatment was significantly correlated with the initial severity of the scab lesions (P < 0.001). Despite adequate energy nutrition of the ewes during late pregnancy, the birthweights of lambs born to ewes with severe sheep scab were 10 per cent less than those of lambs born to ewes with mild sheep scab.
Vet Rec 1995 Mar 25
PMID:Effect of an outbreak of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis infestation) during mid-pregnancy on ewe body condition and lamb birthweight. 779 34

To establish the mode of fertilization in a marsupial, a morphological investigation was made of the gametes of the South American grey short-tailed opossum. Monodelphis domestica, at the time of fertilization in vivo and in vitro. Oestrus was induced in females by the introduction of an unfamiliar male. To obtain oocytes recently fertilized in vivo, females were killed 18-24 hours after the first mating and the region of the oviduct containing eggs excised and fixed. Unfertilized mature oocytes were recovered from ovarian follicles 15-18 hours after first mating and fertilized in vitro with cauda epididymal spermatozoa in a modified MEM medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air. Following sperm-egg binding and fertilization, oocytes were fixed and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Spermatozoa unpaired prior to fertilization in vivo and in vitro and single spermatozoa bound to the zona surface by their plasmalemma overlying the acrosome on the dorsal face of the sperm head. The acrosome reaction was only observed at the zona surface (suggesting that it may be induced by zona components) and involved a vesiculation of sperm plasma and acrosomal membranes over the main body of the acrosome but not over the narrow, marginal region which persisted after the acrosome reaction was complete. Sperm penetration of the zona pellucida caused a large breach in the zona and the dispersal of perivitelline material. The fusion of the spermatozoon with the oolemma occurred first over the marginal acrosomal region and was accompanied by a fertilization cone which protruded through the zona penetration hole. Activation of the egg was characterized by the release of material from vesicles in the peripheral cytoplasm and extrusion of the second polar body. The mode of fertilization in Monodelphis was compared with what is known in other marsupials (New World and Australian) and eutherian (placental) mammals. It was concluded that the general features of the acrosome reaction and sperm-egg fusion may be essentially similar in both groups and that an evolutionary schism did not occur following the development of the eutherian mode of fertilization.
Anat Rec 1993 Sep
PMID:Ultrastructural characteristics of in vivo and in vitro fertilization in the grey short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica. 821 40

We describe, for the first time, the development of a technique for a long-term selective culture of endocrine (PE) cells from the lungs of normal animals. Epithelial cells were isolated from 1-day-old hamster lungs through mechanical and enzymatic dissociation with collagenase type II. Cells were then cultured in HITES medium which contained RPMI 1640, hydrocortisone, insulin, transferrin, estradiol, sodium selenite, and supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), or medium which contained HITES medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin, phosphoethanolamine, arginine vasopressin, bombesin, and 2% FBS (9N). HITES medium, originally developed for establishment and long-term culture of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, allowed propagation of normal hamster PE cells up to 12 months as a mixed floating-attached cell culture. No difference was noted in the results using HITES or 9N. By 3 months, 80% of the cultured cells contained characteristic dense-core (endocrine type) granules. The cultured PE cells also expressed creatine kinase brain isoenzyme, and general NE markers including neuron specific enolase, and amine handling enzyme activity within the range of SCLC cell lines. Moreover, cultured PE cells contained and secreted immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) which had a molecular profile similar to that of intact hamster lung. This long-term culture technique should markedly assist in elucidating the role of PE cells in health and disease.
Anat Rec 1993 May
PMID:Long-term selective culture of hamster pulmonary endocrine cells. 838 31

Following an outbreak of wobbly possum disease in a colony of brush tail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), the disease was established experimentally in captive possums by inoculating the animals intraperitoneally with tissue homogenates. Crude tissue homogenates of liver remained infectious after freezing at -75 degrees C or filtration through a 0.22 micron filter. The disease was characterised by docility, incoordination, loss of balance and wasting. Fifteen of 16 infected animals had to be euthanased owing to the severity of clinical signs. Cachexia was the only change observed postmortem. Histology revealed widespread perivascular infiltrations with plasma cells and lymphocytes which were severe in the liver and kidney and moderate to mild in a variety of other tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle. Changes in the brain consisted of a mild to moderate mononuclear perivascular cuffing. Most of the animals had small to large numbers of circulating nucleated red blood cells and eosinopenia when they were euthanased. There was a consistent decrease in serum albumin concentration and an increase in serum globulins, which resulted in a decreased albumin:globulin ratio. Virus-like particles were observed in preparations of liver from two animals; they appeared to be spherical or icosahedral and were 45 nm in diameter.
Vet Rec 1997 Aug 30
PMID:Pathological studies of wobbly possum disease in New Zealand brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). 930 Oct 11

Lower numbers of neuropeptide-containing fibers in arthritic joints have been found as compared to control joints. This may be the result of fiber depletion, necrosis of fibers, or proliferation of soft tissues without neural sprouting. To discriminate between these possibilities, we studied the relationships between soft tissue proliferation, changes in vascularity of synovial tissues, and changes in joint innervation during arthritis. Arthritis was induced in the knee joint of mice by a single subpatellar injection of methylated bovine serum albumin after previous immunization. Antibodies to protein gene product 9.5, S-100, and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were used to study the general innervation pattern. Antibodies to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasointestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used to localize sensory (SP, CGRP, VIP) and sympathetic (TH) fibers. Blood vessels of the joint were studied with ink perfusion, GAP-43, and a vascular marker (LF1). Directly after the induction of arthritis, the synovial cavity was enlarged and filled with leukocytes. From day 4 onward, small sprouting blood vessels penetrated the avascular mass of cells in the joint cavity. After 1 week, the vascular sprouting activity and GAP-43 immunoreactivity were maximal, and after 2 weeks, vascular sprouting activity diminished. In the subsequent period, the synovia slowly regained their prearthritic appearance and thickness. The most pronounced changes in the general staining pattern of CGRP, SP, VIP, and TH were found in the periosteum. From 2 days to 4 weeks after the induction of arthritis, the layer of SP, CGRP, and VIP fibers in the femoral periosteum was thicker and more irregular. GAP-43 staining showed many terminal varicosities, which suggested sprouting of nerve fibers. From 2 days to 2 weeks after the induction of arthritis, the SP and CGRP fibers in the periosteum showed gradual depletion. In the thickened subsynovial tissues that were revascularized, no ingrowth of neural elements was found. As the total number of nerve fibers in the synovial tissue did not change, large parts of the synovia directly facing the joint cavity were not innervated at 1 week after the induction of arthritis. These results strongly suggest that periosteal SP and CGRP fibers were depleted during arthritis. Synovial proliferation without concomitant fiber growth is the main cause of the reduced number of immunocytochemically detectable fibers in the mouse arthritic knee joint.
Anat Rec 2000 09 01
PMID:Neurovascular plasticity in the knee joint of an arthritic mouse model. 1096 36

Fourteen calves were used to investigate the changes from birth to 83 days of age in the concentrations of serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma cortisol, serum creatine kinase, creatinine, iron, plasma fibrinogen, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, plasma glucose, haptoglobin, serum non-esterified fatty acids, total protein, transferrin, triglycerides, urea and gamma globulin; the haematological variables measured were: basophils, eosinophils, haematocrit, haemoglobin, lymphocytes, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume, monocytes, band neutrophils, neutrophils, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. The changes are presented as a series of graphs and the values are discussed in relation to the published reference ranges for adult cattle. Two populations of calves were identified which gave rise to a bimodal distribution for some of the variables. Differences in haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell counts were apparent at birth, with raised values for these measurements being associated with an increased white blood cell and neutrophil count between three and 27 days of age.
Vet Rec 2000 Nov 18
PMID:Changes in the blood biochemical and haematological profile of neonatal calves with age. 1111 Apr 79


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