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The innervation of the glomerular arterioles was investigated by light and electron microscopy autoradiography for localization of exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. By light microscopy accumulations of grains were seen associated with afferent arterioles and in lesser numbers with efferent arterioles and neighboring tubules. Accumulations of grains were noted to be in contact with juxtaglomerular granular cells. Electron microscopy autoradiography revealed that nearly two-thirds of the silver grains were on axons. Most of the label was on varicosities packed with small, clear and dense-cored, vesicles. Most varicosities, including those in contact with smooth muscle, juxtaglomerular granular or tubular cells, were labeled. Some varicosities which appeared unlabeled in a given section were labeled in subsequent sections. These findings are consistent with the notion that the glomerular arterioles are innervated mainly by adrenergic nerves. This view is supported by the previously reported observations of the concomitant virtual disappearance of fluorescent and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves from the region of the glomerular arterioles after two injections of six-hydroxydoapmine (a drug which selectively destroys adrenergic nerves) and the presence of small dense-cored vesicles in all axons of the juxtaglomerular region when examined by serial section electron microscopy.
Anat Rec 1979 Nov
PMID:Localization of tritiated norepinephrine in the renal arteriolar nerves. 50 6

Dorsal roots and spinal ganglion cells of adult cats were studied for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) content. An inverse correlation exists between cell size and AChE activity; large neurons are AChE-negative whereas small ones are intensely AChE-positive. A few AChE-positive fibers were demonstrated in the dorsal roots. A possible correlation between AChE activity and substance P content of primary sensory neurons is discussed.
Anat Rec 1978 Jan
PMID:Acetylcholinesterase activity of primary sensory neurons and dorsal root fibers in the cat. 62 13

Adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerves were studied in the rat ovary four days after various experimental denervation procedures. Ablation of pelvic parasympathetic nerves (pelvic neurectomy [PN]) or abdominal vagotomy (AV) had no obvious affect on the adrenergic of AChE-positive nerves in the ovary. Section of the mesovarium resulted in the loss of all histochemically demonstrable adrenergic and AChE-positive nerves. Chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD) resulted in the loss of all histochemically demonstrable adrenergic nerves. A few AChE-positive nerves remained in the hilar and medullary regions following chemical sympathectomy. When the presumptive parasympathectomy procedures (AV and PN) were combined with chemical sympathectomy, again no adrenergic nerves remained, however a few hilar and medullary AChE-positive fibers persisted after sympathectomy plus PN, but no AChD-positive fibers were demonstrable in the AV plus 6-HD group. These findings show that most of the AChE- in ovarian nerves is localized in adrenergic nerves. It is suggested that the few AChE-positive fibers remaining in the ovarian hilar area after 6-HD treatment of 6-HD plus PN are derived from the vagus. These few AChE-positive nerves may be postganglionic vagal parasympathetic or they may be sensory fibers.
Anat Rec 1978 Feb
PMID:Experimental studies on the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves in the ovary of the rat. 62 4

The innervation of the rat Harderian gland was studied using histochemical methods for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Selective denervations were performed to investigate the neural connections of this gland with various ganglia. Light microscopically the AChE-positive nerves seemed to run as thick bundles in the intertubular connective tissue. These bundles sent finer branches around the acini. The blood vessels, localized in the connective tissue septa, were surrounded by a dense plexus of AChE-containing fibres. By electron microscopy, the AChE-positive fibres were seen to terminate near the myoepithelial cells surrounding secretory cells. These fibres were also observed in contact with the blood vessels and occasionally close to the secretory cells. Fluorescent adrenergic nerves surrounded the blood vessels. Some fibres were also observed in the interlobular tissue. All the AChE-containing nerves degenerated after cutting the zygomatic nerve. On the other hand, removal of the ciliary ganglion or the superior cervical ganglion, or stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve did not affect these nerves. The fluorescent adrenergic fibres disappeared following both removal of the superior cervical ganglion and coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve. These fibres were intact after removal of the ciliary ganglion.
Anat Rec 1977 Jun
PMID:Innervation of the rat Harderian gland by adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres. 86 41

The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear was studied light microscopically using specific histochemical techniques for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase. Histochemical observations was made with whole stretch preparations and cryostat or paraffin sections. Both kinds of nerves showed similar distribution, though the adrenergic innervation was denser than the cholinergic one. The intermediate segments of the anastomoses, which were characterized by a very thick wall, had the most dense innervation. The small arteries and arterial segments had a moderate innervation whereas most of the small veins and venous segments had few nerve fibers. The segmental variation in the vasomotor nerve supply clearly suggests that the intermediate segment has the most active contractility. An unusually rich innervation in the anastomosis, therefore, indicates the significance of the neurogenic mechanisms in the vasomotor control of the anastomosis.
Anat Rec 1976 Jul
PMID:Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear. 93 40

To study the developmental appearance of acetylcholinesterase in early embryonic hearts, an enzyme-histochemical study was carried out in chicken embryos ranging from cardiogenic plate to late tubular stages. Initially acetylcholinesterase is present in all cells of the (future) myocardium. When 13-14 pairs of somites have developed, i.e., shortly before blood propulsion starts, acetylcholinesterase selectively disappears from the ventral and lateral wall of the developing ventricle. Slightly later, when 18-19 pairs of somites have developed, acetylcholinesterase also disappears from the dorsal and anterior wall of the atrium. High concentrations of acetylcholinesterase remain present in the outflow tract and lower concentrations in a continuous tract along the lesser curvature of the heart, the atrial side of the atrioventricular canal, and the left wall of the atrium. In late tubular stages of heart development, acetylcholinesterase is reexpressed in the inner myocardial layer of the ventricle, i.e., in the developing trabeculae and the ventricular side of the atrioventricular canal, where it is continuous with the acetylcholinesterase-expressing cells of the atrial side of the atrioventricular canal. The expression pattern of acetylcholinesterase in early embryonic chick hearts coincides with that of areas that control the conduction of the impulse and may reveal a cholinergic signal transduction system that is responsible for a coordinated contraction pattern of the myocardium prior to the development of the definitive conductive system.
Anat Rec 1990 Nov
PMID:Distribution pattern of acetylcholinesterase in early embryonic chicken hearts. 226 Jul 85

The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in guinea pig pineal gland was studied using the copper-glycine procedure. A small number of pinealocytes and bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers were labeled by the AChE reaction. The AChE-positive pinealocytes were located near blood vessels and distributed in small groups. The AChE reaction product was localized in the perinuclear cistern, in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in the saccules of the Golgi apparatus. These findings suggest that the AChE-positive pinealocytes synthesize AChE. The AChE reaction product was also seen in the intercellular space between pinealocyte processes. Besides pinealocytes, AChE activity was localized on the axolemma of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers and in the basement membrane surrounding unmyelinated nerve fibers. Pseudocholinesterase activity was confined to Schwann cells, which showed the reaction product in their perinuclear cistern, in the cisternae of the ER, and on the plasmalemma.
Anat Rec 1990 Apr
PMID:Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the guinea pig pineal gland. 233 Oct 60

A three-dimensional reconstruction of high endothelial venules (HE-venules) of an entire mouse lymph node is presented. The reconstruction has been made by means of the histochemical technique for alpha-naphthylacetate esterase. The course of the HE-venules is shown in coherence with lymphocytic aggregates (follicles and unit), which were concomitantly reconstructed. Carbonic anhydrase, glutamate-, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were found in the high endothelia, while calcium-stimulated NA+, K+ ATP-ase and the acetylcholinesterase were localized to the endothelia and/or to the perivascular sheath of the HE-venules and submarginal capillaries.
Anat Rec 1985 Aug
PMID:A three-dimensional reconstruction of high endothelial venules in the mouse lymph node: an enzyme-histochemical study. 293 5

The topographical, ultrastructural, and histochemical features of 23 human vagal paraganglia were analyzed. Nineteen of the 23 paraganglia were found in previously unreported sites; 18 of the 19 were in the cervical part of the nerve, between the carotid bifurcation and the superior thoraco-cervical inlet, and one paraganglion was located in the retrothyroidal part of the left inferior laryngeal nerve. The results of ultrastructural studies (2 cases), the histochemical and formaldehyde-induced-fluorescence studies (3 cases), and specific acetylcholinesterase activity (one case) demonstrate that these structures fulfill many of the modern criteria for paraganglionic tissue. In addition to paraganglia, single, isolated neurons or true micro-ganglia were always found along the trunk and branches of the vagus nerve when multiple sections were examined.
Anat Rec 1988 Jul
PMID:Intra and juxtavagal paraganglia: a topographical, histochemical, and ultrastructural study in the human. 318 69

In rat embryos, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity is present in a continuous sleeve of myocytes that extends from the myocardium that is adjacent to the atrioventricular endocardial cushions via the ventricular trabeculae to the outflow tract. No activity is found in the atrial roof, in the ventricular walls and in the interventricular septum except for its subendocardial surface. AChE-positive cells are first identified in 11-day rat embryos, while the prototypical distribution is best demonstrable in 13-day embryos. Part of the AChE-positive cell system is identifiable as a precursor of the adult conduction system by topographical criteria in 16-day fetuses and by morphological criteria in 20-day fetuses. At birth (2 days later), AChE activity has disappeared from the cardiac myocytes except for a ring of tissue at the atrial side of the atrioventricular junction. These findings suggest that the embryonic heart can be divided into an upstream myocardium that has no AChE activity and a downstream myocardium that is characterized by the presence of AChE. Furthermore they suggest that an acetylcholine-dependent mechanism may be responsible for the retardation of the depolarization wave in the downstream parts of the heart. Finally they show that the adult conduction system is formed by a transdifferentiation of part of a far more extensive embryonic precursor system.
Anat Rec 1987 Apr
PMID:Acetylcholinesterase in prenatal rat heart: a marker for the early development of the cardiac conductive tissue? 359 62


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