Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q9UIJ5 (Rec)
 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An adenylate cyclase highly responsive to stimulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) in vitro was observed at certain times during normal prenatal development of the maxillary-palatal process complex in the golden hamster. Responses of the enzyme to these hormones were barely detectible at the earliest stage examined (day 10/20). The enzyme became extremely sensitive to activation by either hormone during the time of rapid growth of the palatal processes (day 11/20) and during fusion between the palatal processes (day 12/20). Thereafter, responses were greatly diminished and little or no activation of adenylate cyclase was observed until birth. Adenylate cyclase from fetuses in which clefts of the secondary palate were induced by maternal treatment with hydrocortisone (50 mg) on day 11/3 also displayed an enhanced sensitivity to PTH and CT on day 11/20, but the sensitivity of the enzyme was greatly decreased from that in normal animals during the normal time of palatal fusion (day 12/20) and was barely detectible or absent at the remaining time periods studied (days 13/20 and 14/20). Addition of hydrocortisone to the incubation mixture, either separately or in combination with PTH or CT, did not remarkably affect the response of adenylate cyclase to these hormones. Moreover, the appearance of the adenylate cyclase sensitive to hormonal activation did not result from changes in phosphodiesterase activity during palatal maturation.
Anat Rec 1977 Aug
PMID:In vitro activation of adenylate cyclase by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin during normal and hydrocortisone-induced cleft palate development in the golden hamster. 19 59

Osteoclastic bone resorption was studied using 45Ca-labeled fetal rat bones cultured in the presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and an anti-invasion factor (AIF) derived from bovine hyaline cartilage which is enriched in a collagenase inhibitor. The specific morphological expressions of osteoclasts cultured in PTH and AIF were observed in both light and electron microscopy and analyzed cytometrically. Stimulation of bone resorption with PTH revealed significant increases in the numbers and activity of osteoclasts, whereas bones cultured in the presence of AIF showed significant decreases in numbers of osteoclasts and altered cell features including the loss of osteoclast contact with bone surfaces. These structural modifications were evaluated with 45Ca release data derived from matched-pair explants of fetal rat bones, revealing the existence of a relationship between resorptive states of the cultured bones and morphological expressions of osteoclastic activity.
Anat Rec 1979 Jul
PMID:Morphology of osteoclasts in resorbing fetal rat bone explants: effects of PTH and AIF in vitro. 22 32

The activation of physiologically inactive medullary bone osteoclasts by parathyroid hormone (PTH) was examined using light and electron microscopy and histomorphometric methods. Medullary bone osteoclasts are functionally inactive during the avian egg-laying cycle when an egg shell is not being calcified in the shell gland. Japanese quail hens were given 0.5 IU/g PTH and the medullary bone osteoclasts were examined up to 90 min later. Administration of PTH results in rapid changes in osteoclast morphology and ultrastructure. Within 10 min ectoplasmic regions containing condensed-appearing material are evident in areas of the cell adjacent to bone surfaces. In tannic acid-fixed specimens, these ectoplasmic regions contain bundles of filaments extending perpendicularly from the osteoclast plasma membrane into the cytoplasm. It is in these areas that ruffled border development is initiated. Even at 10 min after PTH administration, mineral crystals are seen between the developing cell surface invaginations and folds. By 15 min after PTH administration, ruffled borders have appeared next to bone surfaces. The rapid development of ruffled borders on medullary bone osteoclasts after PTH is confirmed by electron microscope histomorphometry. By 30 min after PTH administration, ruffled borders are well developed and large endocytic vacuoles are beginning to appear in the osteoclast cytoplasm. Light microscope histomorphometric measurements indicate that osteoclasts are also increasing in size and spreading along bone surfaces with time after PTH administration. This study provides a morphologic and ultrastructural description of osteoclast activation by PTH. The results indicate that osteoclasts may effect rapid changes in bone resorption and mineral metabolism due to exogenous PTH in hens.
Anat Rec 1984 Feb
PMID:Morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the activation of avian medullary bone osteoclasts by parathyroid hormone. 670 39

Attempts to increase bone volume in osteoporotic patients are still in the experimental stage. The coherence therapy, proposed by Frost, suggests that the activated bone units can remodel bone matrix in tandem. The cells (i.e., osteoclast and osteoblast which compose the remodeling units) are manipulated through specific medications timed to each of their duration of actions. The current study was to examine the effect of withdrawal of oral phosphate on bone in ovariectomized dogs. The present report demonstrates the capability of short-term oral phosphate to activate bone remodeling in the ovariectomized animal model. Results from biochemical and histomorphometric analyses confirm that remodeling units are activated following the release of parathyroid hormone. This transient scenario inflicts a shift of mineral density distribution in cancellous bone matrix of the iliac crest. Nevertheless, the bone remodeling units appear to be synchronized with each other and thus their resorptive and formative phases should be amenable to further pharmacological manipulation.
Anat Rec 1993 Nov
PMID:Short-term oral phosphate and bone remodeling in beagles. 829 85

Only scant information is available in the scientific literature on the parathyroids and ultimobranchial bodies in the primitive mammals, the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). The major aim of this paper is to describe the morphology of the monotreme parathyroid gland and to compare it with parathyroids in mammals and reptiles. The gross anatomy and light microscopic structure of the ultimobranchial body, thymus, and thyroid are also given. Animals were dissected and routine light and electron microscopic techniques used to examine the microscopic morphology. The locations of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in tissue sections were identified by immunostaining. Monotremes have one pair of parathyroid glands located in the thorax and they are often associated with thymic tissue but never with the thyroid which is also present in the mediastinum. Ultimobranchial bodies are ventrolateral to the commencement of the trachea. Thymic lobules with Hassall's corpuscles are scattered in the fibrofatty tissue of the mediastinum and the ventral surface of the pericardium. Histologically, principal cells, water-clear cells, and non-secretory cells were identified in the parathyroid glands. Principal cells showed polarity and had microlamellar projections that formed intercellular canaliculi. Non-secretory cells had features similar to those of thymic epithelial reticular cells. Immunostaining of parathyroid hormone showed a diffuse distribution in parathyroid principal cells and none in ultimobranchial bodies. Identification of the ultimobranchial bodies was confirmed by immunostaining. The monotreme parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial bodies and thyroid show reptilian as well as mammalian features.
Anat Rec 1999 02 01
PMID:Parathyroids and ultimobranchial bodies in monotremes. 997 12

Liver progenitor cells as well as hepatic stellate cells have neuroendocrine features. Progenitor cells express chromogranin-A and neural cell adhesion molecule, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, S-100 protein, neurotrophins, and neurotrophin receptors, while hepatic stellate cells express synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neural cell adhesion molecule, nestin, neurotrophins, and their receptors. This phenotype suggests that these cell types form a neuroendocrine compartment of the liver, which could be under the control of the central nervous system. We recently showed that the parasympathetic nervous system promotes progenitor cell expansion after liver injury, since selective vagotomy reduces the number of progenitor cells after chemical injury in the rat. Similarly, after transplantation, which surgically denervates the liver, human livers that develop hepatitis have fewer progenitor cells than native, fully innervated livers with similar degrees of liver injury. There is also accumulating experimental evidence linking the autonomic system, in particular the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), with the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and its complications. Recently, it has been shown that hepatic stellate cells themselves respond to neurotransmitters. Moreover, inhibition of the SNS reduced fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. In view of the denervated state of transplanted livers, it is very important to unravel the neural control mechanisms of regeneration and fibrogenesis. Moreover, since there is a shortage of donor organs, a better understanding of the mechanisms of regeneration could have therapeutic possibilities, which could even obviate the need for orthotopic liver transplantation.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Sep
PMID:Neuroregulation of the neuroendocrine compartment of the liver. 1538 10

Two privately owned domestic skunks (Mephitis mephitis) developed clinical signs of hyperparathyroidism. Survey radiographs, complete blood counts and biochemical profiles, including the concentrations of ionised calcium, parathyroid hormone and 25-(OH)-vitamin D, established that they were deficient in vitamin D and had secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism. They both responded to treatment, as well as to changes in their diet, and levels of exercise and exposure to sunlight.
Vet Rec 2004 Aug 21
PMID:Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism associated with vitamin D deficiency in two domestic skunks (Mephitis mephitis). 1538 5

A 13-year-old intact male poodle had suffered periodic tetanic crises for two months. It was cachectic and moderately dehydrated, and during the crises blindness, a stiff gait and behavioural changes were observed. Routine haematological and biochemical profiles showed that it was severely hypocalcaemic, with a corrected plasma calcium concentration of 1.13 mmol/litre (reference range 2.25 to 3 mmol/litre). The dog was fed a home-made diet composed of chicken and basmati rice cooked with a soup bouillon cube; an analysis of its daily allowance indicated that the dog was generally malnourished and received only 0.222 g of calcium per day rather than the 0.6 g it required. In addition, the dog had a low blood concentration of parathyroid hormone of 12 ng/litre (reference range 20 to 80 ng/litre). Supplementing the dog with calcitriol for four days and correcting its diet increased its blood calcium to the lower part of the reference range and resolved the clinical signs, although its parathyroid hormone concentration was still low one year later.
Vet Rec 2005 Jan 08
PMID:Hypocalcaemia due to nutritional calcium deficiency and hypoparathyroidism in an adult dog. 1567 23

The plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionised calcium (Ca(2+)), total calcium, albumin and inorganic phosphorus, and the pH were measured in blood samples obtained from nine dogs during a period of 26 hours. The plasma pth levels fluctuated slightly during the day, by about 20 pg/ml, but there was a distinct peak (42.8 [8.8] pg/ml) at 07.00. Plasma Ca(2+) showed a diurnal pattern in which two peaks (increases of 0.03 mmol/l) were observed at 05.00 and 17.00, and the plasma concentration of inorganic phosphorus showed a similar pattern. There were no diurnal changes in total calcium or albumin.
Vet Rec 2005 Sep 17
PMID:Diurnal variations in the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone in dogs. 1617 2

The plasma concentrations of total calcium, ionised calcium, albumin, parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrp) were measured in 25 dogs with lymphoma, nine dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism and seven dogs with adenocarcinoma of the apocrine gland of the anal sac. Plasma total calcium, ionised calcium, albumin and parathyroid hormone-related protein were measured in 18 clinically normal control dogs. The concentration of PTHrp was high in 12 of the 14 dogs that were hypercalcaemic because of an underlying malignancy but was within the reference range in all the control dogs, in the 17 normocalcaemic dogs with lymphoma and in the seven dogs which were hypercalcaemic because of a parathyroid adenoma.
Vet Rec 2006 Dec 16
PMID:Plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein in dogs with potential disorders of calcium metabolism. 1717 77


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