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An acute episode of reproductive failure occurred following natural introduction of porcine parvovirus to a susceptible herd of 48 breeding sows. Serological data gave a close estimate of the time that infection spread through the herd, and enabled a correct forecast of the reproductive failure that followed. Severe fetal mummification was seen over a three-week period. Epidemiological data is presented strongly linking in utero parvovirus infection with the mummification that occurred, and the significance of this data is discussed in connection with the present knowledge of transplacental porcine parvovirus infection.
Vet Rec 1977 Mar 19
PMID:The effect on reproductive performance of porcine parvovirus infection in a susceptible pig herd. 56 Jul 44

Two outbreaks of porcine parvovirus occurred in a unit of 380 sows, with a subsequent decrease in the size of gilts' litters. Of the 203 gilts and 64 primiparous sows which were seronegative at the time of insemination, 134 gilts and 55 primiparous sows seroconverted during pregnancy. Of the second parity sows nine of 271 were still seronegative at the time of insemination but all nine seroconverted during their third gestation. The gilts that seroconverted during their first pregnancy produced on average 0.9 fewer live piglets than the gilts that did not seroconvert. Second litter sows which seroconverted produced 0.3 fewer piglets than those which did not seroconvert. There were no significant differences between sows which seroconverted or did not seroconvert in the numbers of returns to service, or in the percentages of piglets which were born dead or died before weaning.
Vet Rec 1992 Nov 28
PMID:Reproductive failure associated with porcine parvovirus in an enzootically infected pig herd. 133 61

A five-year-old labrador bitch which had whelped 10 pups three days previously was given booster vaccination against distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, parainfluenzavirus and leptospirosis. Eighteen days later, signs of central nervous system disease developed in some of the pups, five of which were ultimately euthanased. The cause of the nervous disease was found to be canine distemper, and serological studies showed that the infection was limited to some members of the litter, suggesting that the vaccinal rather than a field virus was more likely to have been responsible.
Vet Rec 1992 Jan 11
PMID:Distemper encephalitis in pups after vaccination of the dam. 134 34

The onset of ejaculation and development of normal seminal characteristics in six young dogs vaccinated and seroconverting against canine parvovirus did not differ from the accepted range, and by 45 weeks of age the ejaculates were considered to be normal. At one year of age three of the dogs were given a large antigenic stimulus by vaccination once a week for four weeks; this produced no change in the output or characteristics of spermatozoa.
Vet Rec 1991 Jun 29
PMID:The lack of effect of parvovirus vaccination on the seminal characteristics of dogs. 189 97

The performance of live, attenuated, homologous, canine parvovirus vaccines was studied in 140 puppies aged from four to 11 weeks. In the presence of maternally derived antibody the ability of the vaccines to elicit a serological response, as determined by the haemagglutination inhibition test and a standardised ELISA, was found to be dose (infectious titre) related. An experimental vaccine containing 10(7.0) TCID50 of virus induced seroconversion rates of 95, 89, 82 and 44 per cent in dogs with haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres of less than or equal to 8, 16, 32 and greater than 32, respectively. The standardised ELISA appeared to be better than the haemagglutination inhibition test with respect to variability and subjectivity, especially when titres were low.
Vet Rec 1991 Apr 20
PMID:Performance of high titre attenuated canine parvovirus vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibody. 205 62

Groups of three-week-old chickens were given graded doses of inactivated canine parvovirus vaccines. Blood samples were taken three weeks later and the sera examined by ELISA for antibodies to canine parvovirus. Reproducible, linear, log-dose serological responses were observed, enabling the potency of the vaccines to be compared. The simultaneous administration of other components of canine multivalent vaccines appeared to reduce the response to the parvovirus component. When its results have been correlated with the degree of protection in dogs this test could be used to assess the potency of inactivated canine parvovirus vaccines.
Vet Rec 1990 May 19
PMID:Inactivated canine parvovirus vaccines: an alternative method for assessment of potency. 214 52

Faecal samples from 54 dogs with diarrhoea and 54 control dogs were cultured for Campylobacter, Salmonella and Yersinia species and controlled for enteric viruses. The campylobacter were identified as either C jejuni/coli or C upsaliensis. In the diarrhoeic group 16 dogs (29.6 per cent) were positive for campylobacter, 10 C upsaliensis and six C jejuni/coli. Concomitant infection with parvovirus was evident in six of the dogs with diarrhoea and campylobacter-positive faecal cultures. In the control group 13 dogs (24.1 per cent) were positive for campylobacter; three of the isolates were C upsaliensis and six C jejuni/coli. Four isolates could not be identified. The most prominent clinical findings in naturally occurring cases were an acute onset of vomiting (12 of 16), diarrhoea (16 of 16) which was often haemorrhagic (nine of 16) and a raised rectal temperature. Dogs were infected experimentally with both C jejuni (three dogs) and C upsaliensis (three dogs). The challenge strains could be identified in faecal samples from all the dogs, but clinical signs of diarrhoea were seen in only one dog infected with C jejuni. Soft faeces was passed by one dog infected with C upsaliensis. It is concluded that C jejuni/coli or C upsaliensis are either primary pathogens or, after predisposing factors such as virus infections, act as secondary pathogens. It also seems probable that Campylobacter species are present in the intestinal flora of the normal dog.
Vet Rec 1987 Aug 01
PMID:Campylobacter in the dog: a clinical and experimental study. 282 68

Inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccines have been available commercially in Britain since 1984 and are now widely used in breeding herds. To investigate their value in cost benefit terms an oil-emulsion vaccine developed at Weybridge was used in trials on 1243 gilts in 12 herds during the period 1984 to 1986. In each herd approximately half the gilts were given the vaccine before breeding and the remainder were left unvaccinated. Blood samples were taken at vaccination and two to four weeks later to measure the serological responses, and the reproductive performances of the two groups were compared. When the data from all the gilts in the 12 herds were combined and analysed together there was surprisingly little difference between the reproductive performance of the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Only when the results from individual herds were analysed and interpreted against a background knowledge of wild parvovirus activity (as derived from a study of the serological results) did an understanding and evaluation of the benefits of vaccination become possible. As herds vary with respect to the absence or presence of porcine parvovirus and the epidemiology of the infection it is recommended that vaccination be used with discrimination; it should then prove highly cost effective.
Vet Rec 1988 Apr 23
PMID:Field trials of an inactivated, oil-emulsion porcine parvovirus vaccine in British pig herds. 283 27

Two groups of puppies, one passively immunised by the administration of hyperimmune serum and the other with natural maternally derived antibody, were inoculated orally with virulent canine parvovirus of faecal origin. Serum antibody titres declined more rapidly in both groups after challenge than before. The dogs became clinically affected but the onset of clinical signs, seroconversion and faecal excretion of virus was delayed when compared to controls. It is postulated that this rapid decline of antibody was due to its sequestration by virus after the initial phase of viral replication in the lymphoid tissues. These findings have important implications. The incubation period of the disease is prolonged, making it more difficult to estimate accurately the time of infection in clinically affected animals. Furthermore, the more rapid decline of maternally derived antibody, which could occur in endemically infected premises, may complicate immunisation programmes based on the isolation and segregation of puppies in anticipation of a predicted decline in maternally derived antibody before vaccination.
Vet Rec 1988 Jun 11
PMID:Canine parvovirus: interaction between passive immunity and virulent challenge. 284 25

Data are presented on studies of field and experimental use of a formalin-inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine. There was an absolute correlation between a single successful vaccination and subsequent protection against clinical disease. Unsuccessful vaccinations were consistently associated with the presence of maternal antibody at the time of vaccination. The vaccine induced an antibody response within two days and anamnestic responses within 24 hours. It is suggested that a single successful vaccination probably protects against clinical parvovirus disease for life.
Vet Rec 1986 Apr 05
PMID:Observations on the use of an inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine. 301 50


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