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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The development of the middle ear and tympanum of Gallus gallus has been studied in embryos Hamilton-Hamburger stages 20-46. Particular attention was paid to the pattern of expansion of the pharyngeal pouch forming the tympanic cavity, and the histogenesis of the tissues of the region of the vestibular window. It is concluded that pouch expansion is brought about by simple epithelial growth into regions devoid of mesenchyme. The mesenchyme does not show significant cell death, but differentiates as connective tissue, macrophages, and sinus vascular spaces. The epithelium of the mature cavity is of endodermal origin, and there is no indication of celomic contributions. We provide a detailed morphological analysis of the development of the footplate from cells of both the second visceral arch and the otic capsule. These detailed observations on the patterns of chondrification of columella and capsular tissues permit the presentation of a model for cellular interactions leading to the differentiation of the annular ligament.
Anat Rec 1978 Feb
PMID:A histological study of the development of the avian middle ear and tympanum. 62 1

The development and arrangement of the sphenomandibular ligament of 60 human embryos and fetuses were studied. Meckel's cartilage appeared as a single, continuous fibrous structure lying between the mandibular lingula and the malleus of the middle ear in fetuses of 210 mm crown-rump length (22 weeks of age) and over. This structure constitutes the malleolomandibular ligament, and two clearly differentiated portions bound by the tympanosquamosal fissure could be seen: a juxtaarticular portion, inserted on the posterior edge of the interpterygoid aponeurosis, and a tympanic portion, onto which the disc of the temporomandibular joint inserted. Some of the authors consider that if tension is applied to the sphenomandibular ligament this may injure the middle ear. The anatomical arrangement of the sphenomandibular ligament could explain these injuries.
Anat Rec 1992 Jul
PMID:Development of the human sphenomandibular ligament. 160 76

Inflammation within the middle ear cavity was recognised in 62 of the ears of 42 dogs with chronic otitis externa and otitis media, after biopsy or necropsy of the middle ear. The pathological changes in the middle ear resembled those reported in other species or after the experimental induction of otitis media in dogs. Perforations in the tympanic membrane were rarely found; on the contrary, the membrane was often thickened. However, the question of whether a perforation in the tympanic membrane must occur before otitis externa can extend to otitis media was not resolved.
Vet Rec 1991 Mar 30
PMID:Inflammatory middle ear disease of the dog: the pathology of otitis media. 203 27

During a study of inflammatory middle ear disease in the dog cholesteatoma was found to accompany otitis media in seven of the 62 ears examined (11 per cent). The clinical, radiological and pathological findings in these animals imply that cholesteatoma in the dog is an aggressive lesion which must be differentiated from uncomplicated otitis media.
Vet Rec 1991 Apr 06
PMID:Inflammatory middle ear disease of the dog: the clinical and pathological features of cholesteatoma, a complication of otitis media. 206 23

Eleven cases of neoplasia which involved the middle ear cavity of dogs are recorded. Eight of the tumours originated in the external ear canal and comprised four adnexal tumours, one squamous papilloma and three adenocarcinomas of the ceruminous glands. Papillary adenomas were recognised within the middle ear cavity of two dogs. In one animal the precise origin of an anaplastic carcinoma involving the middle ear could not be determined. Only five of the tumours were amendable to surgical excision and four dogs survived for more than eight months after surgery.
Vet Rec 1989 Jan 21
PMID:Neoplasia involving the middle ear cavity of dogs. 291 94

The occurrence of inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyps is described in a series of four cats. Two of the cats presented with classical features of chronic upper respiratory tract infection, in a third gradual onset of coughing and retching were the only clinical signs, while in the fourth only noisy respiration accompanied the growth. In each cat the polyp was attached to the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube and it is suggested that such masses arise from either the lining of the tube itself or that they may even find origin within the tympanic bulla. However, anamnesis and the subsequent clinical and radiographic examinations did not indicate that the polyps were associated with external or middle ear disease. Removal by simple dissection was effected without the necessity of splitting the soft palate in any of the patients and, though expected, recurrence has not yet been seen.
Vet Rec 1981 Dec 19
PMID:Nasopharyngeal polyps in the cat. 733 43

A weaned pig exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of a vestibular syndrome (abnormal head tilt and abnormal gait including a tendency to circle) was examined as a representative example of a condition which, in a 12-month period, affected approximately 400 other pigs on the farm of origin. The condition caused significant morbidity and financial loss but the directly attributable mortality was negligible. Post mortem examination revealed a severe suppurative, left-sided otitis media and interna. Mixed growths of bacteria, including Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, were isolated from the pus from the middle ear. Otitis caused by mixed bacterial infections has been described previously in pigs and cattle but infection of the porcine middle ear cavity by A pleuropneumoniae is considered to be a new pathological role for this organism. Other findings in this case indicated that otitis media had followed from bacterial colonisation of the auditory (Eustachian) tube. The condition was effectively controlled by prophylactic antibiotic therapy. The authors consider that vestibular syndrome due to otitis media and interna, whether caused by infection with A pleuropneumoniae or not, is probably a relatively common condition in England but its significance may be underestimated and for this reason it may be underrecorded.
Vet Rec 1996 Dec 07
PMID:Otitis in a weaned pig: a new pathological role for Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. 897 68

Mesenchyme cells surround early ossicles in the developing middle ear, then are replaced by space that is created by what has been described as an expansion of the pharyngeal pouch. Cell death has not been considered important in cavitation of chick middle ear (Jaskoll and Maderson [1978] Anat. Rec., 190:177-200), but an uncharacterized form of cell death has been reported to play a major role in cavitation of mouse middle ear (Jaskoll [1977] PhD thesis, CUNY). We investigated whether this uncharacterized cell death is the non-random form known as apoptosis. We examined the middle ear cavitation process using an in situ immunomarker for apoptosis. CBy RF mice during prenatal days 15-20 and postnatal days 1-3 and chick embryos representing HH stages 33-38 were investigated. Apoptotic cells were marked in mouse postnatal day 1. No indication of apoptosis was present in other prenatal and postnatal days of development included in this study, although morphology showed that cavitation proceeds over several perinatal days in the mouse. Apoptosis was not marked in the chick middle ear. Previously observed cell death in murine middle ear is the non-random form of cell death known as apoptosis. Cell death has not been reported in avian middle ear, and lack of apoptotic marker supports those observations. The limited occurrence of apoptosis in mice and apparent absence of apoptosis in chicks suggest that several mechanisms contribute to cavitation of vertebrate middle ear space.
Anat Rec 1998 07
PMID:Apoptosis in cavitation of middle ear space. 966 54

In this study, we present a new computerized reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal skull and discuss its significance for Neanderthal growth and variability. Because of the precarious state of preservation of the original material, we applied entirely noninvasive methods of fossil reconstruction and morphometry, using a combination of computed tomography, computer graphics, and stereolithography. After electronic restoration, the isolated original pieces were recomposed on the computer screen using external and internal anatomical clues to position the bone fragments and mirror images to complete missing parts. The inferred effects of general compressive deformation that occurred during fossilization were corrected by virtual decompression of the skull. The resulting new reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 skull shows morphologic features close to the typical Neanderthal adult state. Residual asymmetry of skeletal parts can be traced to in vivo skeletal modification: the left mandibular joint shows signs of a healed condylar fracture, and the anatomy of the occipital region suggests mild plagiocephaly. Using micro-CT analysis, the left incus could be recovered from the matrix filling of the middle ear cavity. Its morphometric dimensions are similar to those of the La Ferrassie III incus. The morphometric characteristics of the inner ear deviate substantially from the condition reported as typical for Neanderthals and fall within the range of modern human variability.
Anat Rec 1999 04 01
PMID:New evidence from Le Moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull. 1020 55

The auditory region contains numerous structures that have proven useful for phylogenetic classification at various taxonomic levels. However, little work has been done in primates relating differences in morphology to variations in hearing performance. This study documents anatomical and physiological distinctions within primates and begins to address the functional and evolutionary consequences of these and other auditory features. The dimensions of the outer ear (pinna) were measured in cadaveric specimens representing nearly every primate family and used to calculate a shape ratio (height/width). It was found that nonanthropoids have a significantly higher ratio than anthropoids, although the actual height was not found to differ. This indicates that most nonanthropoids have ears that are tall and narrow, whereas monkeys and apes are characterized by ears with more equal height and width dimensions. Eardrum area, stapedial footplate area, and ossicular lever arm lengths were measured in dried specimens to calculate an impedance transformer ratio. A distinction was found between anthropoids and strepsirrhines, with the latter group having a transformer ratio indicative of a higher percentage of acoustic energy transmission through the middle ear. Audiogram data were gathered from the literature to analyze hearing sensitivity and it was found that platyrrhines illustrate more low-frequency sensitivity than like-sized lorisoids. The effects of intraspecific variation on the audiogram results were also examined and were found to produce similar results as the analysis using species mean threshold values. Lastly, correlations between morphological and audiogram variables were examined. Several measures of hearing sensitivity were found to be correlated with pinna shape but correlations with middle ear transmission properties were weaker. In addition to using traditional statistical techniques, phylogenetic corrective methods were applied to address the problem of statistical nonindependence of the data and the results of both analyses are compared. These findings are discussed with respect to how sensory adaptations and phylogenetic history may be related to the current radiation of primates.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Nov
PMID:Primate auditory diversity and its influence on hearing performance. 1547 Jun 72


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