Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to compare erect and nonerect penile glandes of gonadally intact Norway rats (group I) and of castrated rats exposed to the following hormonal conditions: maintained with testosterone (T)-filled Silastic capsules implanted subcutaneously (group T); maintained with implants of estradiol (E) for 8 or 12 days (group E1); maintained with E implants for 10 weeks (group E10); maintained with E implants for 9 weeks, then injected daily with testosterone propionate for 8 or 17 days (group E/T). As in previous SEM depictions of nonerect glandes of intact rats, spines projected toward the base of the glans at a shallow angle from the sulci of deep epithelial folds. In contrast, the folds on erect glandes of groups I and T were completely smoothed, and the spines were themselves erected. The penile cup formed at the distal end of the erect glans also contained spines; these were centrifugally directed at the rim and centripetally directed on the inner surface of the cup. The glandes of group E1 males were similar to those in groups I and T, with the spines showing no disorientation. Males in group E10 lacked spines in the cup and along most of the shaft of the glans, but erection revealed many sharp spines just proximal to the cup and on its rim. In group E/T, no papillae were detectable on the nonerect glandes, but erection revealed many small rounded papillae on the shaft and within the cup. The erection of the spines that occurs on the shaft and in the cup of the erect glans may facilitate previously proposed functions of the spines, including vaginal and cervical stimulation and removal of the copulatory plug. Our perfusion method may also facilitate estimation of the number, size, distribution, and hormonal sensitivity of penile papillae.
Anat Rec 1984 Sep
PMID:Morphology of the erect glans penis in rats under various gonadal hormone conditions. 648 82

The role of stretch and/or tension in maintaining the structural integrity of the myocardial cell was investigated in 16 cats. Right ventricular papillary muscles were studied 1-28 days after transection of the chordae tendinae and compared to adjacent intact papillary muscles. A progressive atrophy, as shown by decreased mean cell cross-sectional area, occurred; by the 28th day mean cardiocyte area was only 28% of the control value. The earliest ultrastructural changes (one day after surgery) were primarily focal and included disorientation of contractile filaments and loss of Z-line substance. During the first week, vacuolation, loss of contractile filaments and infiltration of macrophages and fibroblasts were characteristic. By the second week a massive loss of contractile substance, disappearance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and a marked increase in connective tissue occurred. Leptomere structures, membrane alterations, and phagocytosis were the most typical changes between the second and fourth week. Hydroxyproline assays on papillary muscles unloaded for three days showed a 38% increase in connective tissue, indicating an early increase in connective tissue/muscle mass associated with mechanical unloading. It is concluded that the cardiocyte is extremely dependent upon mechanical loading, i.e., stretch and/or tension. Mechanical unloading (tenotomy) results in rapid and marked cellular degeneration which exceeds that observed in skeletal muscle following either disuse or denervation.
Anat Rec 1981 Jul
PMID:Morphological changes in the mechanically unloaded myocardial cell. 727 Sep 27