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A two-year study was conducted in three sequential phases. Initially, four matched groups of nine calves grazing similar pastures were subjected to different chemoprophylactic control programmes while a fifth group acted as unprotected controls. After being housed in the autumn, three calves from each group and two parasite-naive controls were challenged experimentally with Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora and Dictyocaulus viviparus. Post mortem worm counts revealed gradations of protective immunity, with the field controls showing the highest level and the naive controls the lowest. In the second grazing season the remaining animals from each group were grazed together with parasitenaive controls on two fields. No further prophylactic treatments were given. One of the naive controls developed severe parasitic bronchitis but the signs in the other groups were milder and transient. It is concluded that the calves protected by chemoprophylaxis in their first grazing season developed marked resistance to gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes, but that their level of immunity was influenced by the effectiveness of the prophylactic strategy used.
Vet Rec 1995 Dec 02
PMID:Influence of chemoprophylaxis on protective immunity to nematodes in cattle: a two-year study comparing four control strategies. 874 70

Each of 10 set-stocked calves was given a fenbendazole sustained-release intraruminal bolus at turnout for the control of parasitic bronchitis while a group of 10 similar calves was left untreated. The respiratory rates of the control calves were not greatly increased during the grazing season, but persistent coughing was evident from early July when they all had patent lungworm infections. Only occasional coughing was reported from the bolus-treated calves except for a transient increase in its frequency in late September. In mid-August, one of the treated calves was passing lungworm larvae and when they were housed six of the 10 had patent infections. In August tracer calves picked up an average of 23.5 lungworms per day from the control paddock but only 2.1 from the paddock grazed by the treated calves. In September the corresponding figures were 7.6 and 19.2 lungworms per day, respectively, from the control and 'treated' paddocks. After housing, the post mortem worm counts after an experimental challenge with Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae were reduced by 99.2 and 98.7 per cent (P < 0.0001), respectively, for the control and bolus-treated calves in comparison with weight-matched parasite-naive calves. Thus, despite a relatively low level of challenge during the grazing season, the treated animals had developed a considerable degree of protective immunity.
Vet Rec 1996 Jul 20
PMID:Evaluation of the effect of the fenbendazole sustained-release intraruminal device on the immunity of calves to lungworm. 885 77

The efficacy of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in controlling nematode infections of first-season cattle was evaluated in a field study in northern Germany. Two groups, each of 11 male calves, were set-stocked on separate pastures from May until October 1989 (157 days). The animals of one group were given the bolus at turnout and the animals of the control group were treated with fenbendazole (7.5 mg/kg bodyweight) eight weeks after turnout. Clinical inspections and measurements of faecal egg and larval counts, herbage trichostrongyle larval counts, plasma pepsinogen concentrations and bodyweight were made throughout the study. All the animals were slaughtered for worm counts and the evaluation of carcase quality two weeks after housing. The pasture grazed by the control group showed a marked increase in trichostrongyle larvae from late August onwards and, as a result, the control calves had increasing faecal egg counts and increased plasma pepsinogen concentrations in the latter part of the grazing season, although no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were apparent. The fenbendazole slow release bolus suppressed the trichostrongyle infections during the grazing season, and larval counts on the pasture grazed by the bolus-treated group remained low throughout the study. Postmortem examination showed that the bolus-treated calves harboured significantly (P < 0.01) fewer trichostrongyle worms, including inhibited stages, than the controls. Because of an inadequate lungworm challenge during the grazing season it was not possible to evaluate the efficacy of the fenbendazole slow release bolus in preventing parasitic bronchitis. At slaughter, the bolus-treated animals weighed more than the controls and tended to have a better carcase quality.
Vet Rec 1997 Apr 12
PMID:Field evaluation of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in the control of nematode infections in first-season cattle. 914 Dec 22

Forty-five calves were assigned randomly to three groups of 15 at turnout (day 0) in the spring of their first grazing season on to separate paddocks on a pasture known to carry infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Group 1 calves were left as untreated controls, group 2 were injected with doramectin at 200 micrograms/kg at turnout and again on day 56, and group 3 were treated with an intraruminal bolus containing ivermectin. From day 42 onwards group 1 calves developed parasitic bronchitis which required repeated treatment with levamisole. The two endectocide regimes controlled lungworm infection, although some calves in group 2 developed some coughing during the week before the second dose of doramectin. After the end of the grazing season and again in May of the following year, five cattle from each group were infected experimentally with lungworm larvae and slaughtered 28 days later for lungworm counts and measurements of length to be made. At both times group 1 calves were found to be largely resistant to reinfection; group 2 were slightly more susceptible although the differences from group 1 were not statistically significant. Group 3 calves were more susceptible with no significant difference in worm counts from naive infection controls.
Vet Rec 1997 Dec 06
PMID:Protection against Dictyocaulus viviparus in second year cattle after first year treatment with doramectin or an ivermectin bolus. 942 75

The effect of three intraruminal sustained-release devices (SRD) against Dictyocaulus viviparus infection was tested in five groups of six calves. Group 1 served as untreated controls, and groups 2, 3 and 4 were dosed with a levamisole SRD, a fenbendazole SRD, and an ivermectin SRD, respectively. Group 5 was vaccinated against lungworm and received a levamisole SRD. The calves were turned out on May 28 and the devices given seven days later. All the calves received trickle infections with a total of 200 lungworm larvae between 9 and 34 days after turnout. They were housed on October 28, challenged with 5000 lungworm larvae and slaughtered three weeks later. No clinical signs of parasitic bronchitis were observed during the study. The treated groups gained significantly more weight (P < 0.05) than the controls, but did not differ among themselves. Larvae were first detected in the faeces of the control group between 25 and 32 days after the first infection, and had a group mean of 21 larvae per gram (lpg) after 60 to 80 days, after which the lpg gradually decreased. In group 2, larvae were detected near the end of the grazing season and never exceeded a group mean of 1.5 lpg. In group 3, a very low larval output was observed after housing (group mean 0.1 lpg). Groups 4 and 5 never became patent. The results of an ELISA followed the pattern of larval output; optical densities above the cut-off value were recorded in groups 1, 2 and 3. On the basis of worm recoveries after challenge, group 1 was immune. Group 4 had significantly more lungworms than group 2. There were no significant differences in worm numbers between groups 2, 3 and 5, but the worms in group 5 were retarded in growth (P < 0.05).
Vet Rec 1998 Jun 20
PMID:Effect of three sustained-release devices on parasitic bronchitis in first year calves. 967 Apr 59

Pneumococcal diseases are a major public health problem all over the world. The etiological agent, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule. Differences in the composition of this capsule permit the serological differentiation between about 90 capsular types, some of which are frequently associated with pneumococcal disease, others rarely. Invasive pneumococcal infections include pneumonia, meningitis and febrile bacteremia; among the common noninvasive manifestations are otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis. At least 1 million children die of pneumococcal disease every year, most of these being young children in developing countries. In the developed world, elderly persons carry the major disease burden. Conditions associated with increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease include HIV infection, sickle-cell anaemia and a variety of chronic organ failures. Vaccination is the only available tool to prevent pneumococcal disease. The recent development of widespread microbial resistance to essential antibiotics underlines the urgent need for more efficient pneumococcal vaccines. Immunity following pneumococcal disease is directed primarily against the capsular serotype involved. The currently licensed pneumococcal vaccine is based on the 23 most common serotypes, against which the vaccine has an overall protective efficacy of about 60%-70%. Children aged < 2 years, and persons suffering from various states of immunodeficiency, for example HIV infection, do not consistently develop immunity following vaccination, thus reducing the protective value of the vaccine in some major target groups for pneumococcal disease. However, in the healthy elderly population the polysaccharide vaccine provides relatively efficient protection against invasive pneumococcal disease. Extensive clinical trials are now under way with a new generation of pneumococcal vaccines. These protein-polysaccharide combinations, known as conjugate vaccines, contain 7-11 selected polysaccharides bound to a protein carrier, and induce a T-cell dependent immune response. These vaccines are likely to be protective even in children aged < 2 years, and may reduce pneumococcal transmission through a herd effect.
Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1999 Jun 11
PMID:Pneumococcal vaccines. WHO position paper. 1043 29

At present Denmark has the status of a 'non-vaccinating' country for Newcastle disease and its poultry population should therefore be free of antibodies to avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1). Three live avian vaccines against infectious bronchitis, avian encephalomyelitis, and chick anaemia which had been found to be contaminated with APMV-1 viruses of low virulence for chickens were examined. The vaccines were produced by the same company and the affected batches had been used in Denmark in 1996/97. Furthermore, APMV-1 isolates of low virulence were obtained from three commercial broiler breeder flocks, one of which had been vaccinated with two of the contaminated vaccines. The flocks belonged to the same hatchery organisation. A comparison of viral F0 gene sequences and typing of virus isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies showed that the vaccine and field isolates were identical.
Vet Rec 2000 Jun 03
PMID:Similarity of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 isolates of low virulence for chickens obtained from contaminated poultry vaccines and from poultry flocks. 1088 55

A cross-sectional study of risk factors for feather pecking in layings hens in alternative systems was carried out in July 1998. A total of 637 questionnaires were sent out to farmers and producer groups and, after two reminders, the final response rate was 51.5 per cent. The outcome variable was feather pecking after point of lay. Over 55 per cent of the farmers reported that feather pecking had occurred in the last depopulated flock. This outcome was compared with the management procedures reported by flock managers by using univariate statistics. Factors associated with feather pecking with a significance < or = 0.05 were then tested in two logistic regression models. In the first model the following factors were associated with an increased risk of feather pecking: less than 50 per cent of the flock using the outdoor area on a fine and sunny day, the occurrence of egg peritonitis and the occurrence of infectious bronchitis. The direction of the association between feather pecking and these infectious diseases was unclear, so in the second model only factors which were consistent throughout the laying period were tested. The following factors were associated with an increased risk of feather pecking: less than 50 per cent of the flock using the outdoor area on a fine and sunny day; three or more changes of diet during lay; the inspection of the flock by one person; an absence of loose litter at the end of lay; a temperature in the hen house of less than 20 degrees C; turning the lights up when the flock was inspected; and the use of bell-drinkers. It is concluded that some of these factors could inhibit foraging and dust-bathing behaviour and others may increase competition or frustration, both of these changes having been shown experimentally to initiate feather pecking behaviour.
Vet Rec 2000 Aug 26
PMID:Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with management and disease. 1101 85

In a case-control study of the infectious agents associated with natural outbreaks of respiratory disease in pheasants, 28 batches of birds from sites affected by disease and eight batches of birds from unaffected sites were examined by six veterinary laboratories in England, Wales and Scotland, and tested for mycoplasmas, other bacteria and viruses. Sinusitis was the commonest sign of disease and was associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as detected by PCR in the trachea (P < 0.05) and conjunctiva (P < 0.01). Sinusitis was also associated with pasteurella cultured from the sinus (P < 0.05), antibody to avian pneumovirus (APV) (P < 0.01) and avian coronaviruses as detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR (P < 0.05); there was no association between disease and APV as detected by PCR. Avian coronaviruses were the most common infectious agents detected. They were genetically close to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) but differed in their gene sequence from all the serotypes of IBV previously identified in domestic fowl, and serological tests with six known IBV types showed little cross reactivity. Mycoplasma species other than M gallisepticum were cultured in 18 batches of pheasants but, with the exception of Mycoplasma gallinaceum, were not associated with disease.
Vet Rec 2002 May 25
PMID:Infectious agents associated with respiratory disease in pheasants. 1205 35

The entire crop of 18,120 pheasants for the 2000 rearing season (May 8 to August 7) of one estate in the south of England was vaccinated at one day and five weeks of age with a turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) vaccine. Blood samples and oropharyngeal swabs were taken from the second week's hatching every three weeks throughout the growing season to assess the response of the birds. There was evidence of seroconversion in samples collected three weeks after vaccination, with positive titres being maintained in 33 per cent or more of the population up to at least 22 weeks of age. Positive titres were also recorded in samples taken on December 6 from shot birds between 22 and 30 weeks of age. Positive titres to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified in a high proportion of the poults as early as one day of age. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected IBV-like virus and TRT of the same subtype as the TRT vaccine administered three weeks previously.
Vet Rec 2002 Sep 21
PMID:Response of pheasants to live attenuated turkey rhinotracheitis vaccine. 1237 89


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