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The efficacy of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus system for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis and parasitic bronchitis in first-season grazing calves was evaluated in Belgium. Twenty-two calves were allocated to two groups. The calves in one group received a bolus at the time of turn out, while the other group remained untreated. The efficacy of the bolus was assessed by comparison of faecal worm egg counts, plasma pepsinogen concentrations, the antibody response to Ostertagia, Cooperia and Dictyocaulus species total plasma protein and albumin concentrations, and weight gains throughout the grazing season and the housing period. The oxfendazole pulse release bolus provided good control of parasitic gastroenteritis dominated by ostertagia. The effects of parasitic gastritis were greatly reduced as shown by the significantly lower values of serum pepsinogen and ostertagia antibody titres. The use of the bolus further reduced the adverse effects of parasitism as indicated by better liveweight gains and normal total plasma protein and albumin concentrations whereas in the untreated control group hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were observed. Most animals exhibited clinical signs of parasitic bronchitis at the end of the grazing season, and the bolus may not adequately control parasitic bronchitis in all cases at all times.
Vet Rec 1987 Sep 26
PMID:Use of an oxfendazole pulse release bolus in the control of parasitic gastroenteritis and parasitic bronchitis in first-season grazing calves. 296 61

One group of first-season calves was dosed with an oxfendazole pulse release bolus at spring turnout (April 30) and on July 15 a second group received the front-loaded oxfendazole pulse release bolus. The objective was to test the boluses for the prophylaxis or control of nematodiasis. The control group consisted of calves to which no bolus was administered. The three groups occupied separate but adjacent plots. For the first five weeks of the trial, three calves, artificially infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus grazed in each plot. Parasitic bronchitis severely affected the control calves, necessitating repeated emergency treatment, whereas administration of the bolus at turnout almost completely prevented this condition. D viviparus infection increased markedly on the control herbage in July and August but was eliminated by the end of June on pasture grazed by bolus treated calves. Treatment in mid-season with the front-loaded bolus brought an outbreak of parasitic bronchitis under control. Gastrointestinal worm egg output was satisfactorily suppressed after the administration of both boluses, resulting in reduced levels of herbage infection. Calves treated with a bolus at turnout gained significantly more weight than either the controls (P less than 0.001) or the calves treated with a front-loaded bolus in mid-season (P less than 0.01). The weight-gain of the calves treated with a front-loaded bolus was slightly but not significantly greater than that of the control calves. On the basis of faecal egg counts, the first pulse released from the standard boluses was delayed and one front-loaded bolus failed to release a dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1988 Jun 18
PMID:Pasture study of two types of oxfendazole pulse release bolus for controlling nematodes in calves. 297 Jan 50

A group of 12 winter-born calves was divided into two groups of six. During the following summer one group grazed on pasture infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus, and was treated with ivermectin injections at three, eight and 13 weeks after turn out. The other group remained housed. Both groups were housed during the winter and then together with a group of younger calves were challenged with a trickle infection of D viviparus larvae at the rate of 25 third stage larvae/kg bodyweight for one month and then slaughtered. The group which had been exposed to previous infection was least affected by parasitic bronchitis and on the basis of serological titres and worm burdens had developed resistance to the challenge infection. The other older group was also more resistant than the younger calves.
Vet Rec 1988 Oct 08
PMID:Immunity to parasitic bronchitis of yearling cattle treated with ivermectin during their first grazing season. 297 76

Lungworm-infected seeder calves were used on four 1.41 ha paddocks to ensure that groups of 11 calves would be exposed to a heavy challenge with Dictyocaulus viviparus. By the 39th day after turnout there was a serious episode of respiratory disease and a diagnosis of parasitic bronchitis was confirmed by post mortem and faecal examination. One group of trial calves was treated with netobimin administered in the drinking water at 2.8 mg/kg/day for seven consecutive days; another group received the same treatment supplemented with flunixin meglumine at 2.2 mg/kg/day for three days; a third group was given a single oral dose of 7.5 mg netobimin/kg; only emergency treatments were given to calves in the control group. The clinical response to the drinking water treatments was highly satisfactory and better than the response to the single oral treatment.
Vet Rec 1988 Oct 15
PMID:Netobimin in drinking water for treatment of bovine parasitic bronchitis: a field experiment. 297 13

Four groups, each of six male Friesian calves, were set-stocked on separate 0.66 ha paddocks from May 7 until October 23 1986. Each of the animals in groups 1 and 4 was dosed with an oxfendazole pulse release bolus at turn out whereas the animals in groups 2 and 3 were left untreated. Parasite-free naive tracer calves were introduced into each paddock for a limited period 12 days after turn out and again at the end of the trial. No adverse reactions or clinical signs were observed in either of the groups of calves which received boluses. The development of clinical parasitic gastroenteritis in both the untreated groups necessitated the humane slaughter of two animals and emergency anthelmintic treatment of the remainder. The lower plasma pepsinogen concentrations, and lower faecal egg and larval counts and worm burdens post mortem, together with the absence of clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis and bronchitis in the treated calves, confirmed the high efficacy of the bolus treatment.
Vet Rec 1988 Oct 29
PMID:Control of naturally acquired bovine parasitic bronchitis and gastroenteritis with an oxfendazole pulse release device. 297 64

Under experimental conditions, fenbendazole given at doses of 0.4 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight suppressed calves' faecal output of Ostertagia and Cooperia species eggs and Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae. Both dose levels were given in the form of small daily drenches and the higher level showed greater efficacy. In a grazing experiment, medication with fenbendazole at 1.0 mg/kg/day administered intermittently to calves using an automatic dose dispenser almost completely suppressed the output of trichostrongylid eggs. As a result, infection on the pasture and in the calves remained at a low level throughout the grazing season. By contrast, control pasture and control calves showed rather heavy infection from mid-August onwards with significantly lower weight gains and widespread signs of parasitic gastroenteritis. At post mortem examination of representative calves from each group in November, the medicated animals had 99 per cent less Ostertagia species, whether adults or larvae arrested at the early fourth stage, and 95 per cent less Cooperia species compared with controls. Medication in the drinking water suppressed the faecal output of D viviparus larvae for most of the grazing season by comparison with the controls but the medicated calves became infected with this parasite towards the end of the season. Until this problem is overcome, precautions against parasitic bronchitis are advised when this system of medication is adopted.
Vet Rec 1985 Jan 05
PMID:Efficacy of low doses of fenbendazole and its administration via drinking water in the prophylaxis of nematodiasis in grazing calves. 315 60

Studies on the epidemiology of Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in Denmark have suggested that the adult lungworms present in calves around the sixth week after turnout play an important role in determining the subsequent pattern of disease. This trial was designed to test whether prophylactic treatment at this time would control disease in calves kept under British conditions. Thirty autumn-born Friesian or Friesian-cross bull calves were allowed to graze the whole of a 5 hectare field for six weeks after turnout. The field was then divided into two and the calves split into matching groups, one group being put into each of the paddocks. One group was treated with levamisole at this time and again two weeks later while the other was kept as an untreated control. Anthelmintic treatment resulted in a marked reduction in larval excretion and considerably delayed the build-up of infection on pasture. This in turn delayed the onset and reduced the severity of clinical signs in the treated group. However, as disease was not eliminated completely this prophylactic programme cannot be recommended to the British farmer in its present form. These findings are discussed in the context of the yet incomplete knowledge of the epidemiology of parasitic bronchitis.
Vet Rec 1985 May 04
PMID:Field evaluation of a method for the chemoprophylaxis of parasitic bronchitis in calves. 316 Jan 56

A trial involving 122 calves of approximately 100 kg bodyweight was undertaken to assess the protection against reinfection with Dictyocaulus viviparus in calves whose primary infection was treated with levamisole. Four matched groups, each of 20 housed calves, were taken and one group vaccinated against parasitic bronchitis. Calves in the remaining groups were infected with third stage D viviparus larvae daily for 42 days and treated with 7 . 5 mg/kg levamisole administered subcutaneously at 14, 14 and 28, or 14, 28 and 42 days. All groups were challenged with 10,000 larvae per call on day 49. Relevant control groups were maintained. Eight calves from each main group were slaughtered four weeks later and survivors retained until 20 weeks from the start of the experiment. Calves treated sequentially with two or three doses of levamisole at 14 day intervals while exposed to incoming infection approximated more closely to the performance of vaccinated cattle and were significantly better protected against challenge than those receiving one dose of levamisole only. Feed conversion was most efficient in vaccinated calves not exposed to the potentially lethal trickle infection. After the last levamisole treatment, vaccinated calves and those treated with three doses of levamisole at 14 day intervals were significantly heavier than calves receiving one dose of levamisole only. Vaccinated calves grew heavier than those receiving triple levamisole treatments until the time of challenge. Thereafter the triple levamisole treatment group improved and eventually grew heavier than the vaccinated animals.
Vet Rec 1982 Jul 10
PMID:Comparison of protection against lungworm infection between levamisole-treated and vaccinated calves. 621 86

Seventy-one worm-free Friesian calves were allocated by weight to three trial groups (1, 3 and 4) of 18 and a control group (2) of 17 animals. Calves in group 1 were vaccinated with a bovine lungworm oral vaccine on days 0 and 28, and on day 42 all groups were turned out to graze together on pasture known to be infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae. Twenty-eight days after first exposure to infection one control calf died of parasitic bronchitis. Anthelmintic medication consisting of two doses of levamisole (7 . 5 mg/kg) at 14 day intervals was promptly administered to group 3 calves and three doses at the same intervals to group 4 calves. All calves were challenged with 20,000 infective D viviparus larvae on day 147. Calves were weighed every 14 days throughout the trial which ended 42 days after challenge. Pasture contamination and infectivity were monitored by pasture larval counts and tracer calves. Statistically there was no significant difference between the performances of treated and vaccinated groups before challenge but all were significantly superior to the control group. After challenge the productivity of all experimental groups was temporarily depressed but the levamisole treated cattle recovered more rapidly becoming significantly heavier than the vaccinates at the end of the trial. The mean group weight gains over the trial period were 89 . 92, 63 . 87, 88 . 67 and 98 . 70 kg in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Vet Rec 1982 Oct 23
PMID:Effect of repeated doses of levamisole on grazing cattle infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus. 621 24

Commercially-reared laying chickens were challenged at 31 weeks of age with a virulent infectious bronchitis (IB) virus. They showed a sharp drop in egg production, despite having been vaccinated at four and eight weeks old with live attenuated IB vaccines to a recommended schedule. In contrast, similar birds that had been further immunised at point-of-lay with inactivated oil emulsion IB vaccine, or with a combined IB/Newcastle disease (ND) emulsion vaccine, showed no detectable fall in egg production after the same challenge. Unvaccinated susceptible specific pathogen-free birds challenged at the same time stopped laying almost completely. In the birds revaccinated with emulsion vaccine, measurement of haemagglutination inhibition antibody levels to IB showed their geometric mean titres to be raised from less than 5 log2 at the time of vaccination to over 10 log2 four weeks later. Their antibody levels did not rise further followining the IB challenge whereas in the birds that had not been revaccinated antibody rises to nearly 10 log2 were detected after the same challenge. For pullets vaccinated earlier with live IB vaccine, revaccination with inactivated IB or IB/ND oil emulsion vaccine at point-of-lay provides a safe and effective way of protecting their egg production against IB infection.
Vet Rec 1980 Mar 22
PMID:Protection of laying hens against infectious bronchitis with inactivated emulsion vaccines. 624 69


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