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In an outbreak of wart-like skin lesions in nine-month-old farmed Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) the lesions were especially common on the head and neck but occurred on all parts of the body except the tail. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in epithelial cells and further examination of the lesions by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a poxvirus. An autogenous vaccine was produced from material from the lesions and in six vaccinated crocodiles the lesions healed more quickly than in unvaccinated controls.
Vet Rec 1988 May 07
PMID:Poxvirus in farmed Nile crocodiles. 283 31

An abattoir survey was carried out on 1657 cattle to determine the incidence and parameters of teat and udder papillomas and their causal viruses. Recent research has characterised six different bovine papillomaviruses of which three have been found to be particularly associated with teat tumours. Of the population studied 37.3 per cent had teat warts and 86.2 per cent of these had multiple infections; 28.4 per cent had papillomas attributed to bovine papillomavirus 1, 88.5 per cent to bovine papillomavirus 5 and 92.3 per cent to bovine papillomavirus 6. There was no predilection site between teats. Herefords and their crosses dominated the breed incidence and showed the highest numbers of warts but it was not possible to make a realistic comparison with other breeds. Dairy cattle were poorly represented. Bovine papillomavirus 4 was never found and from this it was concluded that there is no association between alimentary and teat papillomas. The implications of these findings in terms of prophylaxis and control are discussed.
Vet Rec 1984 Dec 01
PMID:Papillomas of the teats and udder of cattle and their causal viruses. 609 66

Avoiding predation is critical to survival of animals; chemical defenses represent a common strategy among amphibians. In this study, we examined histologically the morphology of skin glands and types of secretions related to chemical skin defense during ontogeny of Rhinella arenarum. Prior to metamorphic climax the epidermis contains typical bufonid giant cells producing a mucous substance supposedly involved in triggering a flight reaction of the tadpole school. An apical layer of alcianophilic mucus covers the epidermis, which could produce the unpleasant taste of bufonid tadpoles. Giant cells disappear by onset of metamorphic climax, when multicellular glands start developing, but the apical mucous layer remains. By the end of climax, neither the granular glands of the dorsum nor the parotoid regions are completely developed. Conversely, by the end of metamorphosis the mucous glands are partially developed and secrete mucus. Adults have at least three types of granular glands, which we designate type A (acidophilic), type B (basophilic) and ventral (mucous). Polymorphic granular glands distribute differently in the body: dorsal granular glands between warts and in the periphery of parotoids contain protein; granular glands of big warts and in the central region of parotoids contain catecholamines, lipids, and glycoconjugates, whereas ventral granular glands produce acidic glycoconjugates. Mucous glands produce both mucus and proteins. Results suggest that in early juveniles the chemical skin defense mechanisms are not functional. Topographical differences in adult skin secretions suggest that granular glands from the big warts in the skin produce similar toxins to the parotoid glands.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016 Jan
PMID:Morphological Changes in Skin Glands During Development in Rhinella Arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae). 2647 79