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In a field survey of viraemias due to vaccination of chickens with herpes virus of turkey, variation was encountered in titres and percentages of birds viraemic. The incidence of viraemias was much lower in sick than in healthy birds in flocks undergoing mortality from Marek's disease. In a concurrent experiment the same strain of chicken and the same commercial vaccine were used as in the field flocks affected with Marek's disease. A high incidence of viraemia and 84.6 per cent protection against Marek's disease were obtained with single vaccination at one day of age. Revaccination at 21 days of age produced no measurable benefits in the same experiment.
Vet Rec 1978 Feb 11
PMID:Herpes virus of turkey vaccine: viraemias in field flocks and in experimental chickens. 63 56

Deaths within a litter of sucking pigs led to a suspicion of hog cholera, but pestiviruses isolated from both dead and live piglets appeared to be bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Persistent viraemia with bovine viral diarrhoea virus was demonstrated in living littermates and also in a bought-in calf, housed in a nearby pen on the same farm. Only two of the littermates survived, both of which had been virus negative and seropositive from the outset of testing. Porcine and bovine virus isolates grew well in calf testicular cells and were neutralised equally by sera collected at the farm from cattle and pigs. However, a comparison by means of their reactivity to monoclonal antibodies showed that they were similar but not identical, and only the porcine isolates grew well in a porcine kidney cell line.
Vet Rec 1992 Aug 29
PMID:Infection of pigs and cattle with bovine viral diarrhoea virus on a farm in England. 133 47

Five mature bulls were studied during an acute transient infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The bulls had been infected experimentally by the intranasal instillation of blood and serum from a cow which was a persistent carrier of the virus. Infection was confirmed by the demonstration of a low titred viraemia in four of the five animals and by the seroconversion of all five. Semen samples were collected from each bull on four occasions between seven and 14 days after infection. The virus was isolated from the semen of three of the five bulls and from nine of 12 batches of semen from them. In contrast to other studies of the infection of semen, BVDV was isolated with similar efficiency from raw, unprocessed semen and from diluted, extended semen. The titres of virus in the semen ranged from 5 to 75 TCID50/ml. The infection did not appear to affect the quality of the semen. Shedding of virus continued after the end of the period of viraemia and appeared to be a consequence of the replication of the virus in the reproductive tract and its subsequent excretion in the seminal fluid. Virological studies of the reproductive tracts of these bulls suggested that the most productive sites of virus replication were the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. Concurrent studies in a persistently infected bull supported these findings.
Vet Rec 1991 Jun 22
PMID:Replication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. 165 60

The replication of an alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-like virus (707K), isolated from a clinical case of malignant catarrhal fever in American cattle, was studied in sheep. Viraemia was not observed in any of the six sheep repeatedly inoculated with the 707K virus or in four steers susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever which were housed together with these sheep for one year. None of the four steers seroconverted and only two of the six inoculated sheep showed a negligible and short-lived seroconversion. The inability of the sheep to seroconvert adequately after repeated inoculations with the 707K virus, and the failure to recover the agent from them suggests that this agent does not replicate in sheep.
Vet Rec 1991 Oct 19
PMID:Failure of sheep to respond to repeated inoculations with an alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-like virus, isolated from a case of malignant catarrhal fever in American cattle. 175 39

Two groups of 10 pregnant cows were inoculated with bluetongue virus type 11 at either 40 or 60 days of gestation. All the cows became infected as judged by the detection of viraemia and seroconversion but they showed no clinical signs. Seventeen of the cows produced live calves none of which showed any evidence of prenatal infection. After challenge with the same virus all the calves became viraemic and seroconverted. The response to challenge of the two groups did not differ from that of a control group challenged at the same time. It was concluded that the infection of pregnant cows in early gestation with this virus did not result in the transplacental infection of the fetuses and did not produce immunotolerant, latently infected calves.
Vet Rec 1991 Mar 30
PMID:Failure to establish congenital bluetongue virus infection by infecting cows in early pregnancy. 185 81

As part of a study of the pathology and pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection 44 cattle were infected by the intravenous injection of virulent virus. Thirty-eight animals responded clinically and detailed haematological and serological data were obtained from 10 of them. Inappetence was the only clinical sign observed before the onset of fever. The temperature response was characteristically biphasic, with the second peak occurring 12 to 24 hours after the first. The only consistent haematological response was an increase in the numbers of circulating neutrophils with a concurrent decline in the numbers of mononuclear leucocytes. There were no detectable changes in plasma or blood volume, packed cell volume, red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and creatinine concentrations, or aspartate aminotransferase activity. Viraemia was demonstrated on either the first or second day of clinical disease and lasted for at most 48 hours. Low levels of neutralising antibody could be detected within one or two days after the cessation of viraemia. Six antibody-free animals did not respond clinically to injection with virulent virus, and did not develop detectable viraemia or a serum neutralising antibody response.
Vet Rec 1990 Jan 27
PMID:Clinical response of cattle to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus. 230 90

A representative sample of the pet cat population of the United Kingdom was surveyed. Blood samples from 1204 sick and 1007 healthy cats of known breed, age and sex were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). The prevalence of FIV was 19 per cent in sick cats and 6 per cent in healthy cats, and the prevalence of FeLV was 18 per cent in sick cats and 5 per cent in healthy cats; both infections were more common in domestic cats than in pedigree cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus was more prevalent in older cats but FeLV was more prevalent in younger cats. There was no difference between the prevalence of FeLV in male and female cats but male cats were more likely to be infected with FIV than female cats. No interaction was demonstrated between FIV and FeLV infections. Of the cats which were in contact with FIV in households with more than one cat, 21 per cent had seroconverted. The prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats in contact with FeLV was 14 per cent. The clinical signs associated with FIV were pyrexia, gingivitis/stomatitis and respiratory signs, and with FeLV, pyrexia and anaemia. It was concluded that both viruses were significant causes of disease, and that the cats most likely to be infected with FIV were older, free-roaming male cats and for FeLV, younger, free-roaming cats.
Vet Rec 1989 Sep 09
PMID:Prevalence of feline leukaemia virus and antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus in cats in the United Kingdom. 255 56

Maedi-visna has never been recorded in Australia. However, caprine retroviruses have been isolated which cause clinical disease similar to caprine arthritis-encephalitis and produce antibodies in goats similar to those caused by maedi-visna virus. Merino lambs in close contact for up to 109 weeks with three goats experimentally infected with a caprine retrovirus did not seroconvert or show any significant pathological lesions. No viruses were isolated from any of these sheep though the goats seroconverted and two out of the three developed a non-suppurative bursitis and arthritis. Merino lambs inoculated with a caprine retrovirus showed no significant clinical signs or pathological lesions over a period of 140 weeks though nine out of the 12 seroconverted and viraemia was demonstrated in seven.
Vet Rec 1985 Jul 20
PMID:Response of merino sheep to inoculation with a caprine retrovirus. 299 5

A natural infection with border disease virus occurred in a flock on low ground in Argyll in the spring of 1984. The outbreak was unusual in that the typical clinical signs of border disease, ie, tremor and, or, fleece changes were not present; manifestations of disease were restricted to abortion and the birth of small weak lambs. The disease was shown to have been introduced to the flock by four healthy ewes persistently infected with border disease virus among a group of 39 purchased in October 1983. Further investigations in late August 1984 detected viraemia in six of seven ill-thriven lambs and four of 24 apparently healthy lambs. Attempted 'natural vaccination' of susceptible sheep by mixing them at grass for three months with groups of ewes and lambs known to contain virus excretors was largely unsuccessful as only four of 22 'sentinel' sheep seroconverted. In October 1984 the persistently infected purchased animals and all that year's lamb crop were removed from the farm. No disease occurred in 1985 when the lambing percentage was 129 per cent compared with 100 per cent in 1984. Two of the four persistently infected purchased ewes were mated at Moredun Research Institute in December 1984 and both produced healthy but persistently infected lambs.
Vet Rec 1987 Mar 14
PMID:Border disease without nervous signs or fleece changes. 357 34

Two groups of puppies, eight and 10 weeks of age, were inoculated orally with canine parvovirus of faecal origin. The patterns of faecal excretion of virus, antibody production and systemic viral localisation following inoculation were studied. Faecal excretion of virus was first apparent at day 3 after inoculation, was present most frequently and in greatest quantity at days 4 to 7 after inoculation and fell sharply thereafter. Serum antibody was first detected at day 5 after inoculation with high titres in all samples from day 7 onwards. Virus isolation from serum samples revealed a non-cell associated viraemia at days 3 and 4 after inoculation. Immunocytochemical examination, using both immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques, first revealed antigen in the thymic cortex at day 1 after inoculation and in the germinal centres of the lymph nodes and the splenic white pulp from days 2 and 3. Viral antigen was first detected in the intestines at day 4 in individual cells in the proliferative zone of the crypt epithelium. From day 5 onwards, the amount of antigen present in the lymphoid tissue decreased so that by days 7 and 8, only a trace was present. There was widespread specific staining in the small intestinal mucosa at day 6, but little antigen was present by day 7. Virus was present in the bone marrow of some dogs killed at days 5 and 6.
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 03
PMID:Canine parvovirus enteritis 2: Pathogenesis. 609 14


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