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The innervation of the glomerular arterioles was investigated by light and electron microscopy autoradiography for localization of exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. By light microscopy accumulations of grains were seen associated with afferent arterioles and in lesser numbers with efferent arterioles and neighboring tubules. Accumulations of grains were noted to be in contact with juxtaglomerular granular cells. Electron microscopy autoradiography revealed that nearly two-thirds of the silver grains were on axons. Most of the label was on varicosities packed with small, clear and dense-cored, vesicles. Most varicosities, including those in contact with smooth muscle, juxtaglomerular granular or tubular cells, were labeled. Some varicosities which appeared unlabeled in a given section were labeled in subsequent sections. These findings are consistent with the notion that the glomerular arterioles are innervated mainly by adrenergic nerves. This view is supported by the previously reported observations of the concomitant virtual disappearance of fluorescent and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves from the region of the glomerular arterioles after two injections of six-hydroxydoapmine (a drug which selectively destroys adrenergic nerves) and the presence of small dense-cored vesicles in all axons of the juxtaglomerular region when examined by serial section electron microscopy.
Anat Rec 1979 Nov
PMID:Localization of tritiated norepinephrine in the renal arteriolar nerves. 50 6

Substance P immunoreactivity in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) of the rat was studied to define a possible role for this neuropeptide in functions of the pelvic portion of the autonomic nervous system. Substance P immunoreactivity was found in three locations in the ganglion: 1) as a plexus of varicose fibers, 2) in small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and 3) after colchicine pretreatment, in some principal neurons. The perineuronal plexus of fibers appeared as small varicosities closely related to the somae of principal neurons. Approximately 10-20% of principal neurons were enclosed by a substance P-positive plexus. SIF cells were intensely stained for substance P. The general relationships of SIF cells in this ganglion were confirmed by their staining for substance P: their occurrence singly or in large clusters, their short tapering processes often related to principal neurons, and the occasional presence of a beaded process. Colchicine treatment resulted in the appearance of rare principal neurons that stained for substance P. The pelvic nerve was surgically interrupted to determine whether the perineuronal plexus of varicose fibers had an intrinsic origin or arose from cell bodies outside the ganglion. The perineuronal plexus was virtually absent following this procedure. The results of this study indicate that principal neurons in the major pelvic ganglion may be subject to the influence of substance P derived from two sources: 1) intrinsic substance P-containing SIF cells and 2) neurons probably residing in dorsal root ganglia. The nature of principal neurons that acquire staining for substance P after colchicine is unclear.
Anat Rec 1985 May
PMID:Substance P immunoreactivity in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat. 241 48

A light and electron microscope study was carried out to elucidate the cytoarchitectural organization of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (ND) in the cat. From the anatomical staining methods, including Nissl and Golgi-Cox, it appears that the ND shows a clear heterogeneity of shape and size of the neuronal population. The small or medium-sized neurons show a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and a modest basophilia. Spiny extrusions are present on many of the neurons, arranged either as varicosities giving a rosary feature or clumped in small groups over the dendritic processes; these are absent at the level of the soma. From the electron microscope analysis it appears that the neuropil is not very extensive because the neuronal bodies are numerous and compact. The synaptic complex is extensive both at the level of the nerve cell bodies and at the level of the neuropil. Since many of the synapses display the features typical of the inhibitory synapses, it is possible that they represent the anatomical basis of an inhibitory integrative function.
Anat Rec 1986 Oct
PMID:The nucleus of Darkschewitsch in the cat: a Nissl, Golgi, and electron microscope analysis. 243 Apr 88

The cytoarchitecture and immunocytochemical distribution of neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF; neuropeptide Y, NPY; oxytocin, OXY; vasopressin, VP; and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP) were studied in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in male and female ground squirrels of two species (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and S. richardsonii). Immunoreactive (IR) perikarya were found in sections incubated with VP or VIP antisera. VP-IR cell bodies were seen in the dorsal and medial parts of the nucleus in colchicine-treated animals. IR fibers were distributed throughout the SCN. In the ventral part of the nucleus, VIP-IR cells were seen in untreated animals and were more pronounced in colchicine-treated animals. VIP-IR fibers and terminals form a dense plexus throughout the nucleus. Furthermore, NPY-IR terminals and fibers with multiple varicosities, but no IR perikarya, were present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Within the borders of the SCN, no cell bodies or fibers were stained with CRF or OXY antisera in any animal.
Anat Rec 1989 Dec
PMID:Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of neuropeptides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of ground squirrels. 258 47

Pharmacological and ultrastructural methods were used to demonstrate alpha-adrenergic regulation of secretory granule content of acinar cells of Bowman's glands and to localize and identify adrenergic and cholinergic axonal varicosities and terminals in the olfactory mucosa of the tiger salamander. The alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine caused secretory granule depletion from Bowman's glands; the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine partially blocked this effect. These observations were quantified using light microscopic computer-assisted morphometric techniques. Both drugs caused morphological signs of electrolye/water transport. Adrenergic axonal varicosities were identified by the presence of small granular vesicles (SGVs, 45-60 nm in diameter) containing electron-dense material that was enhanced by 5-hydroxydopamine loading and chromaffin reaction fixation techniques. Throughout the lamina propria, small fascicles with axons containing SGVs as well as varicosities and terminals with SGVs were located adjacent to blood vessels, Bowman's gland acini, and melanocytes. Mean vesicle diameters at these sites were 54 +/- 7 nm, 50 +/- 9 nm, and 56 +/- 8 nm, respectively; varicosities were located approximately 0.1-1.0 microns from their presumed cellular targets. Axonal varicosities containing small agranular vesicles (AGVs, 65 +/- 8 nm in diameter), identified as cholinergic by their size and by the absence of electron-dense material after 5-hydroxydopamine loading and chromaffin reaction fixation, were located between adjacent acinar cells. In addition, adrenergic varicosities containing SGVs (56 +/- 6 nm in diameter) were found within 1 micron of blood vessels associated with Bowman's gland ducts and sustentacular cells near the base of the olfactory epithelium. These results characterize the ultrastructural basis for adrenergic and cholinergic regulation of vasomotor tone and secretion within the olfactory mucosa.
Anat Rec 1989 Nov
PMID:Ultrastructural localization and identification of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the olfactory mucosa. 281 41

The present peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical study demonstrated that approximately 50% of the total chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla exhibited NPY-like immunoreactivity. The immunoreactive material was localized in the core of the chromaffin granules as well as diffusely in the cytoplasm. By combination of immunohistochemistry with noradrenaline-fluorescence microscopy, all NPY-immunoreactive chromaffin cells are nonfluorescent, indicating that all NPY-chromaffin cells co-store adrenaline. A comparison of two consecutive sections, each of which was processed for the immunostaining with anti-NPY and anti-Met-Enk-Arg-Gly-Leu antisera, respectively, indicated that NPY and preproenkephalin A and its derivatives coexist in approximately one-fifth of the total NPY-immunoreactive cells. In addition to the NPY-immunoreactive cells, a plexus of NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities was found in the subcapsular regions of the adrenal gland. The nerve fibers were often associated with small blood vessels and extended into the zona glomerulosa. Single NPY-immunoreactive fibers were sparsely distributed in the deeper regions of the cortex and in the medulla. Ganglion cells in the adrenal gland were not seen exhibiting intensely positive NPY-like immunoreactivity. The NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers contained abundant small clear vesicles mixed with a few small and large granular vesicles. The immunoreactive material appeared on the granular cores as well as in the axoplasm. The NPY fibers were closely apposed to smooth muscle cells and pericytes of small blood vessels in the cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1986 Mar
PMID:Neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in adrenal chromaffin cells and intraadrenal nerve fibers of rats. 351 14

The incidence of valves in the major veins of the lower extremities of Africans and Caucasians was studied. Valves are absent in the inferior vena cava in both races. In the common iliac veins, 1-7% of Caucasians and 1% of Africans have rudimentary valves. Normal valves exist in the following veins: the external iliac veins--22-33% of Caucasians and 9% of Africans; the femoral vein segment above the saphenofemoral junction--67-81% of Caucasians and 93% of Africans; the 3-cm-length of the femoral vein below the profundofemoral junction--90% of Caucasians and 100% of Africans; the terminal 3 cm of the great saphenous vein--100% Caucasians and 98% Africans. The lower incidence in the number of valves in Caucasians may account for the high prevalence (10-18%) of varicose veins in Caucasians; the reverse of this relationship is suggested for the low prevalence (1-2%) of the condition in Africans. Factors influencing the development of incompetent valves are discussed.
Anat Rec 1987 Apr
PMID:Comparative study of the distribution of venous valves in the lower extremities of black Africans and Caucasians: pathogenetic correlates of prevalence of primary varicose veins in the two races. 359 68

A light and electron microscope study of the small intestine of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, was carried out at several stages in the animal's annual life cycle. An unusual morphological observation was the presence of cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine which were packed with a conspicuous basophilic granular material that appeared crystalline. Moreover, such cells were present only during the hibernation period and were therefore called "hibernation crystalloid" (HC) cells. By light microscopy, the crystal-like material was not sudanophilic, did not stain for nucleic acids, and did not contain acid phosphatase; it did show reactivity when stained by the periodic acid-Schiff procedure. By electron microscopy, the crystal-like material was found to be present in smooth, membrane-enclosed vacuoles along with an amorphous, dense granular substance. The crystalline material occasionally formed rigid-appearing rods that reached lengths of 10 microns. The crystal-containing cells were contacted by axonal varicosities. It is suggested that these innervated HC cells represent a unique cell type with a gastrointestinal function, yet to be determined, that may be related to hibernation.
Anat Rec 1987 Jun
PMID:Occurrence of cells containing paracrystalloid material in the intestinal lamina propria of the hibernating bat Myotis lucifugus. 361 83

Persistent bleeding from the vulva was the only presenting clinical sign in five non-pregnant pluriparous mares varying in age from eight to 20 years. These were two hunter types, one shire, one thoroughbred and one Arab pony. The haemorrhage originated from ulcerated varicose veins present on the dorsal wall of the vagina adjacent to the vestibulovaginal junction. All five mares were successfully treated, by submucosal resection (two), ligation of vessels (two) or diathermy (one). In four mares there was evidence of vulval incompetence caused by depression of the perineum. The importance of this and the role of impaired venous return during and after pregnancy are discussed.
Vet Rec 1984 Sep 15
PMID:Persistent vaginal haemorrhage in five mares caused by varicose veins of the vaginal wall. 649 76

Uteri from hibernating bats, Myotis lucifugus, collected periodically from Renfrew County, Ontario, were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and processed for electron microscopy or incubated in glyoxylic acid to show adrenergic nerves by fluorescence. The bat uterus is structurally typical of mammalian species; although the right uterine horn is permanently enlarged in parous bats due to hypertrophy of both myometrium and endometrium. Nerves were abundant between both longitudinal and circular layers of muscle cells. Unmyelinated, and some myelinated, axons, ranging from few to many, coursed generally parallel to the uterine long axis. Numerous axonal varicosities containing small dense-cored (adrenergic) vesicles or, less often, small agranular (cholinergic) vesicles, were found forming close nerve-muscle contacts between myometrial cells and blood vessels. Fluorescent microscopy showed a dense network of adrenergic nerves in parous uteri, but a sparse network in nulliparous uteri. A specific adrenergic nerve marker, 5-hydroxydopamine, greatly increased the density and in some instances, the size of granular vesicles, while 6-hydroxydopamine, which depletes adrenergic neutrotransmitter, reduced the number of dense-cored vesicles. Nulliparous uteri appeared unchanged by six daily injections of 0.1 microgram estradiol-17 beta; 0.25 mg progesterone, or both; but parous uteri were greatly enlarged by all regimes. Nerve ultrastructure, however, appeared unaffected by steroid treatment; nor, despite the absolute dextral bias in implantation, were left-right differences observed. Gap junctions were not found between muscle cells in myometria of any bat uteri. Based on this study, we suggest that M. lucifugus may provide a most useful model for examination of neurogenic regulation of the uterus.
Anat Rec 1984 Nov
PMID:Myometrial ultrastructure and innervation in Myotis lucifugus, the little brown bat. 652 89


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