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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The technique and results of a recently developed surgical procedure for the relief of feline urethral obstruction are described. The method involves implanting a silicone shunt of comparable diameter into the pelvic urethra. Urine and struvite crystals are passed through the wide bore tube. The possibility of crystal accumulation and subsequent obstruction is thus avoided.
Vet Rec 1978 Feb 04
PMID:Use of a silicone shunt for the surgical relief of feline urethral obstruction. 63 53

The aim of this study is to describe the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) cells (paraneurons), producing biogenic amines and/or peptidergic hormones, in the female urethra of cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, by means of histochemical and double labeling immunofluorescent techniques. 5-Hydroxy-tryptamine-, chromogranin A-, cholecystokinin- and somatostatin-containing NE cells are present in the urethral epithelium of all the species studied, with the unique exception of the lack of somatostatin cells in the horse. Paraneurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine colocalized with chromogranin A or cholecystokinin were also found in all subjects. Such active substances are hypothesized to play a role in the contraction of the urethral musculature, emission of urogenital fluids, and inhibition of endocrine and exocrine secretions.
Anat Rec 1992 May
PMID:Immunocytochemistry of paraneurons in the female urethra of the horse, cattle, sheep, and pig. 135 70

The conformation of the urethra, the position of the bladder neck and the distance between the external urethral orifice and the cranial pubic brim were compared in 30 continent and 30 incontinent bitches with incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism, using the measurements made from vagino-urethrograms. The bladder neck was significantly (P less than 0.001) further caudal in incontinent dogs than in continent dogs. Its position was not affected by neutering and could not be explained by the degree of urethral curvature. The distance from the external urethral orifice to the cranial pubic brim was correlated (P less than 0.001) with bodyweight but was not significantly different in the continent and incontinent bitches. In neutered animals, the distance between the cranial pubic brim and the external urethral orifice was significantly (P less than 0.05) shorter than in entire animals.
Vet Rec 1992 Aug 22
PMID:Urethral conformation and position in relation to urinary incontinence in the bitch. 141 31

Normal development of the human lower urinary tract was studied between the 14th and 20th week of gestation using 3 modes of fixation. Fixation by direct distension provides a high degree of reproducibility of parameters used to study the growth of the fetal bladder. Using this method, fetuses ranging from 12 to 21 weeks gestation were studied. Results obtained demonstrate that the length of the bladder, the inter-ureteric distance, and the distance between the apex of the trigone and the distal tip of the urethra occur in a linear mode. Furthermore, the rate of growth of the male urethra was evidently higher when compared to that of the female from the 12th week of gestation. Data from this work can be used for a more accurate assessment of cases with abnormal lower urinary tract development.
Anat Rec 1992 Dec
PMID:Growth of the normal human lower urinary tract from 12 to 21 weeks gestation. 145 59

Nineteen cases of feline congenital urinary incontinence (10 cats with ureteral ectopia and nine with incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism) are reviewed. The 10 cats with ureteral ectopia are considered together with 13 from previous reports. There was no apparent breed predisposition. Most of the 23 cats were presented for urinary incontinence but two of them were continent. Thirteen were females and ectopia was unilateral in 13 and bilateral in 10. Twenty-eight of 31 ectopic ureters terminated in the urethra. The commonest complication was hydroureter/hydronephrosis (10 cases). Eighteen of the cats were treated surgically, 13 by ureteral transplantation, four by ureteronephrectomy and one by ligation of the renal blood vessels; 16 of them were cured by surgery. Congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence has not been reported previously in the cat. Nine cases are presented and the urethras of all were markedly hypoplastic. A common concomitant abnormality was vaginal aplasia, with the uterine horns terminating in the dorsum of the bladder. Bacteriuria was more common in this group than in the cats with ureteral ectopia.
Vet Rec 1992 May 16
PMID:Congenital urinary incontinence in cats: a review of 19 cases. 162 41

A seven-year-old Jersey bull used for artificial insemination showed clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis. This was confirmed by catheterisation and subsequent urethrotomy over the site of obstruction distal to the sigmoid flexure. Although urine flow was elicited after removal of the calculi, this was only temporary and the animal had to be killed 24 hours later. On post mortem examination about 2 kg of round, smooth, pearl-like calculi were found in the urinary bladder and the urethra of the sigmoid flexure was studded with similar calculi. It was concluded that urethrotomy at the sigmoid flexure or penectomy post scrotally would not have alleviated this condition.
Vet Rec
PMID:Massive obstructive urolithiasis in a bull used for artificial insemination. 409 83

Striated muscle associated with the female urethra and vagina constitute a continuous mass which appropriately may be called the urogenital sphincter. Though continuous, the muscle may be separated into two parts--one that surrounds the urethra, and the other surrounding the urethra and vagina. The individual muscle fibers are small and are embedded in connective tissue and infiltrated with smooth muscle which obscures the visibility of the muscle to gross dissection. Developmentally the muscle primordium is laid down around the urogenital sinus and urethra early, and foreshadows the anatomical arrangement that is maintained in the adult with little change. The urogenital sphincter muscle extends from the base of the bladder where it lies within the pelvic cavity and continues through the urogenital hiatus of the pelvic diaphragm to expand around the vagina in the perineum. Additional fibers attach to the ischiopubic rami and constitute a compressor of the urethra. As a result there is no superior fascia of the so-called "urogenital diaphragm" which closes off a deep perineal compartment or forms a floor of the urogenital hiatus.
Anat Rec 1983 Feb
PMID:The striated urogenital sphincter muscle in the female. 684 73

Urinary bladders and urethrae were collected from six adult and two juvenile female dogs. Five urethral regions and the neck and body of the bladder were sampled. Volume fractions for connective tissue including elastic fibers, smooth and striated muscle, and epithelium were obtained by projecting section images onto an array of points and computing the number of points overlying a tissue constituent per total points overlying the tissue section. Smooth muscle occupied approximately half the volume of the bladder wall, one-third the volume of the vesical neck, and one-fourth the volume of the proximal urethra. Striated muscle was present in the distal half of the urethra, where the total muscle coat occupied about one-third of the urethral wall volume. Smooth muscle was practically absent in the terminal urethra, where the striated urethralis muscle encircles urethra and vagina in common. Epithelial area and lumen perimeter were not significantly different along the length of the urethra except that urethral epithelium was significantly thicker adjacent to the vesical neck. In terms of histological proportions, the vesical neck was intermediate between the body of the bladder and the proximal urethra.
Anat Rec 1981 Feb
PMID:Histology of the canine urethra. I. Morphometry of the female urethra. 719 87

Urinary bladders and pelvic urethrae were collected from six adult and two juvenile male dogs. Within two vesical and six urethral sampling regions, volume densities were estimated for smooth and striated muscle, connective tissue and elastic fibers, stratum cavernosum, luminal epithelium, and prostate. The neck had significantly less smooth muscle and more connective tissue than the body of the bladder. In the prostatic urethra, smooth muscle was associated principally with trabeculae surrounding prostate lobules. Smooth muscle was sparse superficially in the prostatic capsule and practically absent in relation to the mid-prostatic urethra. Thus there was no mechanism for active closure of the middle prostatic urethra, and elastic fiber density was correspondingly high in this region. The smooth muscle sphincter needed to maintain urinary continuence and prevent semen reflux was primarily the vesical neck. Caudal to the body of the prostate, striated muscle comprised more than 40% of the urethral wall. Juvenile and adult postprostatic urethrae were similar except for a decreased quantity of stratum cavernosum in the pups.
Anat Rec 1981 Feb
PMID:Histology of the canine urethra II. Morphometry of the male pelvic urethra. 721 19

The autonomic innervation of smooth muscle in fresh biopsy specimens of the human urinary bladder, bladder neck and urethra has been examined using specific neurohistochemical techniques. Acetylcholinesterase-containing nerve fibers have been demonstrated amongst the smooth muscle cells in all the biopsy samples. Enzyme-positive fibers formed a plexus, the density of which varied dependent upon the region from which the biopsy material was obtained. Catecholamine (noradrenaline)-containing autonomic nerve fibers were observed amongst smooth muscle cells of the vesico-urethra junction; other than for perivascular nerve plexuses. Noradrenergic fibers were absent from biopsy samples of other regions. Juxtamural, acetylcholinesterase-positive neurones were present in some samples, and a proportion of these cell bodies were closely related to noradrenergic nerve terminal regions. These findings are discussed in relation to those of other workers who have examined the innervation of the mammalian lower urinary tract.
Anat Rec 1980 Nov
PMID:The autonomic innervation of the human urinary bladder, bladder neck and urethra: a histochemical study. 745 37


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