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Earlier studies established that stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) invariably infarct after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Normotensive rats are usually protected from infarction after the occlusion. Objectives of this study were to characterize the anastomosing collaterals that may determine the different outcomes to MCA occlusion in SHRSP and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Young (5-10 week) and old (40-69 week) rats of each sex were anesthetized, then administered papaverine to produce maximal vasodilatation of the cerebrovascular bed. Under control conditions latex was injected into the arterial tree to measure the internal diameter of branches of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), the MCA, and the ACA-MCA anastomosing collaterals. Large diameter ACA and MCA rami in old, but not young, SHRSP were significantly smaller in diameter than the respective ACA and MCA branches in old WKY. The number of ACA-MCA anastomoses was the same for SHRSP and WKY. Mean internal diameter of the ACA-MCA anastomoses was significantly (p less than 0.0001) smaller in SHRSP than WKY in both age groups. There were significant negative correlations between age and 1) the internal diameter of the ACA-MCA anastomoses in WKY but not SHRSP, and 2) the largest diameter ACA and MCA rami in SHRSP but not WKY. The findings suggest that vascular resistance of fully relaxed collaterals is greater in SHRSP than WKY, thereby compromising the dorsal collateral circulation before large diameter vessel changes occur that accompany the established form of hypertension.
Anat Rec 1987 May
PMID:Dorsal cerebral collaterals of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). 360 59

The pectoralis muscle in pigeons (Columba livia) is composed of two heads (sternobrachialis, thoracobrachialis) that are separately innervated and have different fiber orientations. High-speed film and electromyographic studies of free-flying pigeons reveal that the pectoralis is activated prior to wing depression (the power stroke) and that its two heads are differentially recruited during takeoff, level flight, and landing. The electrical activity patterns of both heads support an interpretation that intramuscular elasticity provides energy storage. The pectoralis is not only the prime wing depressor but is also capable of adjusting the excursion of the wing during different phases of flight.
Anat Rec 1987 Jul
PMID:Structure and neural control of the pectoralis in pigeons: implications for flight mechanics. 363 42

Early stage embryos of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus exhibit one cilium per cell which is primarily involved in locomotion. SEM observations have demonstrated two types of microvilli "stage horn"-like and "finger-like" microvilli (CMs), both of which probably serve to anchor and support the hyaline layer (HL). The CMs arise from the cellular membrane a short distance from the base of the ciliary shaft and form a circle around the base of each cilium. This arrangement is found in embryos and larvae as well as in adult tissues of many other marine organisms. TEM observations of material prepared by freeze substitution has demonstrated that the HL unites the circle of CMs and forms two collars. The outer ECM collar is single and attached directly to the CMs, while the inner collar consists of multiple rings of ECM located between the cilium and the CMs. The inner collar elements are not attached to the cilium but are attached to the inner aspects of the CMs by a complex arrangement consisting of a loop of ECM and two short ECM fibers. The arrangement of the ECM of the collars could provide an excellent way to transmit the movements of the cilium to the surrounding microvilli. Although the bases of the CMs always encircle the ciliary shaft, the shafts of the CMs are seen in different positions. This suggests that the CM/ECM collar may be able to change position relative to the cilium. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrates that the CMs contain phalloidin positive material which extends into a phalloidin positive region located in the apex of the cells. The CMs and apical web contain microfilaments which are probably actin and could be involved in movement of the CMs. A movable circle of CMs with their associated ECM could represent a mechanism to sense the position of the cilium and/or to define the direction and extent of the stroke.
Anat Rec 1993 Aug
PMID:The microvilli and hyaline layer of embryonic asteroid epithelial collar cells: a sensory structure to determine the position of locomotory cilia? 769 Oct 38

This study investigated the pattern of growth-induced haemodynamic changes in normal calves during their first year of life. The central venous pressure (CVP), the right ventricular pressure (RVP), the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PW), the systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and the cardiac output (CO) were measured in 41 healthy Friesian calves. The heart rate (HR), the stroke volume (SV), the cardiac and stroke indices (CI and SI, respectively), the pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance (PVR and SVR, respectively), the right ventricular and left ventricular work (RVW and LVW, respectively) and their corresponding indices (PVRI, SVRI, RVWI and LVWI, respectively) were also measured or calculated. The cardiac output, SV, SAP, PVRI, SVRI, RVW and LVW increased significantly while the HR, CI, PVR, SVR, RVWI and LVWI decreased significantly with somatic growth. The right-sided vascular pressures did not change significantly. The significant increase in systemic arterial pressure may be due to the simultaneous increase in CO. The high CI observed in the first few weeks of life was attributed to a high metabolic rate and might induce a reduced cardiac pumping reserve in young calves. In consequence, a therapeutic inotropic intervention may have little potential benefit at this age.
Vet Rec 1993 Apr 24
PMID:Growth-induced haemodynamic changes in healthy Friesian calves. 849 1

More than 100 million women worldwide are thought to use steroid hormone contraceptive methods, with an estimated 93 million women using combined oral contraceptives (COCs). The composition and use of these contraceptive preparations, especially those of COCs, have changed dramatically over the years. The World Health Organization (WHO) convened a Scientific Group Meeting on Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception during November 3-7, 1997, to review current scientific data on the use of steroid hormone contraception as they relate to the risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and venous thromboembolic disease. The group also reviewed the incidence of cardiovascular disease among women of reproductive age in general, how the effect of risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be changed using hormonal contraceptives, and whether different compositions of COCs have different cardiovascular risk profiles. The group was comprised of the authors of background papers prepared for the meeting and experts from around the world. The scientific group's conclusions are presented. The incidence and mortality rates of all cardiovascular diseases are very low among reproductive-age women. For women who do not smoke, who have their blood pressure checked, and who do not have hypertension or diabetes, the risk of myocardial infarction in COC users is not increased regardless of age. While current users of COCs have a low absolute risk of venous thromboembolism, their risk is still 3-6 times greater than that of nonusers, with the risk probably being highest during the first year of use.
Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1997 Nov 28
PMID:WHO scientific group meeting on cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraceptives. 940 87

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) resulting from the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm represents one major cause of stroke. SAH may be followed by a spontaneous severe contraction of major cerebral arteries, a condition referred to as cerebral vasospasm. Vasospasm may result in brain ischemia or actual tissue death. This constrictive vascular state is devastating, remains largely untreatable, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in SAH patients. Approximately 30,000 Americans are affected by this condition each year. The overall death rates are 25%, and significant neurological complications occur in 50% of individuals who survive the initial bleed. This report highlights some of the important aspects of this vascular disease.
Anat Rec 1998 04
PMID:Stroke: anatomy of a catastrophic event. 960 61

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most rapidly evolving techniques in the MRI field. This method exploits the random diffusional motion of water molecules, which has intriguing properties depending on the physiological and anatomical environment of the organisms studied. We explain the principles of this emerging technique and subsequently introduce some of its present applications to neuroimaging, namely detection of ischemic stroke and reconstruction of axonal bundles and myelin fibers.
Anat Rec 1999 06 15
PMID:Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: its principle and applications. 1039 83

Partial left atrial ligation before cardiac septation redistributes intracardiac blood flow and produces left ventricular hypoplasia in the chick. We hypothesized that redistributed intracardiac blood flow adversely alters aortic arch development. We ligated the left atrial appendage with a 10-0 nylon suture at stage 21 chick embryos, then reincubated up to stage 34. Sham embryos had a suture tied adjacent to the atrial wall, and normal controls were unoperated. We measured simultaneous atrioventricular (AV) and dorsal aortic (DAo) blood velocities from stage 24 embryos with an ultrasound pulsed-Doppler flow meter; and the left and right third and fourth aortic arch blood flow with a laser-Doppler flow meter. Ventricular and atrial cross-sectional areas were measured from sequential video fields for planimetry. Intracardiac flow patterns were imaged on video by injecting India ink into the vitelline vein. In separate embryos, radiopaque microfil was injected into the cardiovascular system for micro-CT scanning. We analyzed the morphologic characteristics of the heart at stage 34. Active AV and DAo stroke volume (mm(3)), right third and fourth aortic arch blood flow (mm(3)/s) were all decreased in ligated embryos (P < 0.05) when compared with normal and sham embryos. Ventricular end-diastolic volume versus normal and sham embryos decreased by 45% and 46%, respectively (P < 0.05). India ink injection revealed altered right aortic arch flow patterns in the ligated embryos compared with normal embryos. micro-CT imaging confirmed altered arch morphogenesis. Alterations in intracardiac blood flow disrupt both early cardiac morphogenesis and aortic arch selection.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 May
PMID:Dependence of aortic arch morphogenesis on intracardiac blood flow in the left atrial ligated chick embryo. 1932 26

Macaque monkeys are used in many research applications, including cerebrovascular investigations. However, detailed catalogs of the relevant vascular anatomy are scarce. We present our experience with macaque vessel patterns as determined by digital subtraction angiography of 34 different monkeys. We retrospectively analyzed digital subtraction angiograms obtained during experimental internal carotid artery (ICA) catheterization and subsequent injection of 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Results were catalogued according to vascular distribution and variants observed. Macaque monkeys have a bovine aortic arch. The carotid vessels generally bifurcate, but are occasionally observed to divide into three vessels. The external carotid gives rise primarily to two trunks: an occipital branch and a common vessel that subsequently gives off the lingual, facial, and superior thyroid arteries. The internal maxillary artery may be present as a terminal branch of the external carotid or as a branch of the occipital artery. The ICA is similar in course to that of the human. The anterior circle of Willis was intact in all monkeys in our study. Its primary difference from that of the human is the union of the bilateral anterior cerebral arteries as a single (azygous) median vessel. Macaque cervical carotid and circle of Willis arterial anatomy differs from humans in a couple of specific patterns. Knowledge of these differences and similarities between human and macaque anatomy is important in developing endovascular macaque models of human diseases, such as ischemic stroke.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Jul
PMID:Cervical carotid and circle of willis arterial anatomy of macaque monkeys: a comparative anatomy study. 1971 19

Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) has been reported to play an important role in the development of a variety of human cancers. CAV-1 expression is revealed to be reduced or absent in the malignant tumor cells of small cell lung cancers (SCLC). This study was performed to investigate the influences of the stable expression of CAV-1 on the metastasis and proliferation of SCLC in vitro. The wild-type CAV-1 gene was successfully transfected into the NCI-H446 cells and was stably expressed in the NCI-H446 cells. The effects of CAV-1 on the morphology, proliferation, and metastasis potential for NCI-H446 cell were evaluated by crystal violet staining, MTT analysis, transwell assay, and scratch wound assay, respectively. Western blot and gelatin zymography were used to examine the expression changes of the metastasis-related MMP-3 and E-cadherin. Stable expression of CVA-1 was observed in the H446-CAV-1 cells, which enlarged the cell shape with filopodia. The proliferation of H446-CAV-1 was inhibited, while its migration and invasion abilities were promoted in vitro. The re-expression of CAV-1 reduced the expression of E-cadherin, while it increased the protein expression and enzyme activity of MMP-3. Taken together, the cellular proliferation of the NCI-H446 could be inhibited by the re-expression of CAV-1. CAV-1 might increase the cell metastasis potential through the interaction with E-cadherin and MMP-3 genes. These in vitro findings confirm the involvement of CAV-1 in the proliferation and metastasis of SCLC.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Oct
PMID:Caveolin-1 is an important factor for the metastasis and proliferation of human small cell lung cancer NCI-H446 cell. 1971 15


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