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Renal disorders in lambs may be congenital, infectious, toxic, immunologically mediated or secondary to urethral obstruction. Congenital abnormalities are uncommon. Kidney infections often are only one aspect of more widespread diseases, for example, tick pyaemia or salmonellosis. Toxic diseases, which affect mainly the renal tubules, may be caused by bacterial, chemical or plant toxins, although in lamb nephrosis the cause is unknown. Immunecomplex glomerulonephritis is uncommon, and one form, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis of Finnish landrace lambs, is under genetic control. Urolithiasis may have secondary effects on the kidneys.
Vet Rec 1990 May 26
PMID:Nephropathy in young lambs. 219 55

The likelihood of airborne spread and infection by Salmonella typhimurium was studied in calves and mice. S typhimurium survived in air sufficiently long to present a significant hazard of airborne spread. In a dry climate (32 per cent relative humidity) its predicted viability five minutes after aerosolization was 4 per cent relative to its initial value. This increased to 24.8 per cent in a humid atmosphere (72 per cent relative humidity). Inhalation of S typhimurium by mice caused disease and death at times dependent upon the dose. Even the lowest dose of about 150 colony forming units (cfu) produced disease. Inoculation of approximately 10(4) to 10(6) cfu S typhimurium by either 'mouth and nose only' or 'whole body' aerosol exposure caused infection in calves. The consequences for the control of salmonellosis in intensive calf husbandry are discussed in the light of this demonstration that airborne transmission can be a primary mode of infection of S typhimurium.
Vet Rec 1988 Dec 03
PMID:Aerosol infection of calves and mice with Salmonella typhimurium. 306 81

Faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens. Rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by ELISA in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent). Cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), Salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bearing the K99 adhesin (K99+ E coli) in nine of 310 calves (3 per cent). In the faeces of 20 per cent of calves with diarrhoea more than one enteropathogen was detected; in 31 per cent no enteropathogen was found. Faces samples from 385 healthy calves in the same outbreaks were also examined. There was a significant statistical association of disease with the presence of rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium and Salmonella species (P less than 0.001). Healthy calves were not examined for calici-like viruses and the association of K99+ E coli with disease was not analysed because there were too few positive samples. Rotavirus infections were more common in dairy herds and single suckler beef herds whereas Salmonella infections were more often found in calf rearing units. Cryptosporidium were more common in single and multiple suckler beef herds. K99+ E coli were found in one dairy herd and one multiple suckler beef herd both with unhygienic calving accommodation. Variations in coronavirus detection among different farm types were not statistically significant. In this survey rotavirus was the most commonly detected agent in calf diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium were found in approximately one quarter of affected calves. Infection with Salmonella species was widespread, but K99+ E coli infections were less common in the United Kingdom than in other countries.
Vet Rec 1986 Jul 12
PMID:Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain. 375 Jul 67

Pheasants are semi-wild and difficult to handle, especially in large numbers. At least seven million birds are now reared annually during a relatively short season, frequently for shoots where the owners have little or no knowledge of animal husbandry. The nutritional requirements are not accurately known. Hatchability and hygiene problems result from dirty eggs, inadequate egg storage and poor egg handling. Husbandry deficiencies contribute to major losses which include failure of feed and water intake especially during the first few days of life, cannibalism and feather loss with subsequent mortality in the release pens from exposure, and disease. All these may cause welfare problems to which more attention should be given. The younger keepers are becoming better trained and more aware of the requirements for effective intensive poultry keeping. Major infections are those associated with galliform birds in general, but especially important are colibacillosis and salmonellosis, coccidiosis together with hexamitiasis and histomoniasis, syngamiasis and adenoviruses causing marble spleen disease. A major difficulty is ensuring adequate intake of prophylactic and therapeutic medication for all the birds in a flock.
Vet Rec 1985 Jun 08
PMID:Pheasant rearing: associated husbandry and disease problems. 392 13

This paper reports seven cases of penile paraphimosis which occurred in both entire and castrated horses in association with general debility. Two cases were discharged after treatment while still suffering from partial paralysis; one was discharged at the owner's request with complete paralysis; three were destroyed and one died during treatment. Identified causes of debility were malnutrition, severe parasitism, glucose malabsorption and salmonellosis.
Vet Rec 1985 Feb 02
PMID:Paraphimosis in seven debilitated horses. 398 75

Salmonella infections of food animals are of concern to both the food industry and to the public health authorities. Salmonellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases and its impact on veterinary practice may be judged by a number of criteria. Some of these are examined to determine the extent of the problem.
Vet Rec 1985 May 04
PMID:Is salmonellosis still a serious problem in veterinary practice? 401 36

In Scotland between 1980 and 1982 there were 21 episodes of milkborne salmonella affecting a total of 1090 persons (range one to 654). There were eight deaths, including two children, in people associated with these outbreaks. The problem of milkborne salmonellosis continues to be greater in Scotland, where dairy herds on average are larger and a greater proportion of raw milk is consumed, than elsewhere in Britain. It is anticipated that legislation requiring the pasteurisation of virtually all milk sold for human consumption in Scotland by August 1983, will help to correct the situation.
Vet Rec 1983 Jun 18
PMID:Milkborne salmonellosis in Scotland 1980 to 1982. 634 4

It has been suggested that the therapeutic use of oral chloramphenicol in animals is liable to select resistance to antibiotics and that the resistance may jeopardise the treatment of infections in man. At present this risk appears minimal; resistance to chloramphenicol in animal bacteria may well be selected by the increasing use of semi-synthetic penicillins because of linkage between genes coding for production of beta-lactamase and resistance to chloramphenicol. Among salmonellae, the strains causing enteric fever have no animal reservoir and the few food poisoning incidents in man that require therapy can be treated with antibacterial agents such as trimethoprim. Chloramphenicol is not now the antibiotic of choice for any human infection except perhaps a few caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Resistance to antibiotics in 'human' cultures has largely been selected by the use of antibiotics in human medicine. Control of salmonellosis is essentially a public health, not a therapeutic problem.
Vet Rec 1984 Jan 07
PMID:Does the use of chloramphenicol in animals jeopardise the treatment of human infections? 636 4

Two outbreaks of Salmonella newport infection in dairy herds are described which were characterised by haemorrhagic enteritis. The history of the outbreaks, the extent of the losses, clinical and laboratory findings and treatment are described. The first herd consisted of 193 cattle, of which seven died, three aborted and another 84 required treatment. Salmonellosis persisted over 14 months throughout the summer on a paddock grazing system and continued during the following winter when the herd was loose housed. The relationship of the commencement of clinical disease to dietary changes and to the time of calving is described, as are the problems in controlling the disease. The second herd consisted of 98 milking cows and a few beef animals. One cow died and two aborted; altogether 18 were clinically affected. The epidemiology of the disease and the geographical relationship between the two farms is described. Extensive contamination of streams occurred and one cow died on a neighbouring third farm. In contact humans were found to be excreting the organism. The public health significance of the outbreak is discussed because bulk milk samples were contaminated with salmonellae for 10 months and local streams were polluted with human sewage.
Vet Rec 1983 Jun 18
PMID:Outbreaks of Salmonella newport infection in dairy herds and their relationship to management and contamination of the environment. 660 6

Salmonellosis in Equidae occurs sporadically throughout the world; the incidence recorded ranges from less than 1 per cent to as much as 27 per cent. In 1976 there was a significant increase in disease and mortality caused by salmonellosis in horses in Britain and treatment was less successful than with other species. Data revealed a general progressive shift away from species specific salmonella serotypes towards the ubiquitous but less discerning strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The role of predisposing causes is assessed and treatment, prevention and zoonitic importance commented upon.
Vet Rec 1980 Apr 19
PMID:Equine salmonellosis: a review. 699 May 97


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