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The clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella enteritidis in a group of calves are described. The major clinical signs were dullness, pyrexia and diarrhoea. Five of the 15 calves died but deaths were mainly confined to the younger members of the group. The recovery of salmonella organisms from rectal swabs was maximal shortly before four of the five deaths occurred and declined rapidly thereafter. Only two of the surviving 10 calves developed significant flagellar agglutination titres.
Vet Rec 1977 Nov 12
PMID:Salmonellosis in young calves due to Salmonella enteritidis. 34 75

An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella typhimurium occurred in a lambing flock where management factors and fostering movements were responsible for spread within the group and to farm personnel and their families. Possible sources of the infection are discussed.
Vet Rec 1978 Aug 05
PMID:Eidemiological aspects of an outbreak of salmonellosis in sheep. 35 46

The importance of fly infestation in the transmission of disease and in the loss of production through "fly worry" to meat and milk producing animals is reviewed. As well as being confirmed disseminators of certain enteric diseases of man, eg, cholera, salmonellosis and colienteritis, flies have also been implicated in the transmission of mastitis and certain ophthalmic infections, principally keratoconjunctivitis in cattle. "Fly worry, particularly from biting flies such as Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans, has been shown to have an adverse effect on meat and milk production since fly control greatly increases yields.
Vet Rec 1979 Oct 13
PMID:The epidemiological and economic importance of fly infestation of meat and milk producing animals in Europe. 55 24

A field outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella agona in sheep and some subsequent experimental work is described. While the field outbreak in pregnant ewes and neonatal lambs caused severe losses the experimental disease in non-pregnant sheep was mild and transient. S agona was not isolated from the carcases of the experimental sheep killed after 28 days post infection but it persisted for 69 days in the faeces of one ewe which was kept alive for three months. Media comparisons indicated that selenite enrichment broths incubated at 43 degrees C and plated on to brilliant green agar gave the most satisfactory cultural results.
Vet Rec 1978 Apr 15
PMID:Salmonella gona infection in sheep. 65 45

The association between salmonellosis in man and the infection in food animals has been clearly established. There is, moreover, little doubt that abattoir by-products, effluent and solid waste may allow the recycling of infection in animals. The potential hazard posed by salmonellosis to human and animal health will be reduced only by a greater control over the slaughter of infected farm livestock, improved isolation and casualty slaughter accommodation, a stricter control of slaughterhouse hygiene and the provision and full utilisation of adequate laboratory facilities for the bacteriological examination of meat and the abattoir environment.
Vet Rec 1975 Apr 26
PMID:Samonellosis and meat hygiene: red meat. 114 47

The coming into effect on July 14 of the Zoonoses Order 1975, marks a new and important step in veterinary public health. The Order makes available powers to investigate and control Salmonella and Brucella infections in animals and Salmonella infections in birds which present a threat to human health. Any Salmonella and Brucella infection becomes reportable in certaain species when organisms have been isolated by laboratory test. Veterinary surgeons and livestock owners may be involved in this obligatory procedure. The statutory powers to investigate incidents and apply restrictions on the movement of animals, birds and their products are not limited to reportable species: they cover a much wider range of animals and birds. They will be held in reserve and used only when necessary because of a hazard to public health; the use of restrictions will be limited to cases involving a very serious threat to man. The information collected from reports and investigations will add considerably to the epidemiological knowledge of these infections and so allow improved methods of control to be developed. Some of these measures already in operation are described, together with others possible for the future.
Vet Rec 1975 Jul 12
PMID:The Zoonoses Order, 1975. 114 93

An analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of excretion of salmonellae by calves penned individually showed that non-contagious routes were more important than contagious routes in disease spread. The avoidance of aerosol production, and the effective cleaning and disinfection of utensils between feeds and of buildings between batches, are likely to be more important than pen design in the control and prevention of calf salmonellosis.
Vet Rec 1991 Oct 12
PMID:Transmission of salmonellae among calves penned individually. 176 86

Salmonella typhimurium DT204C infection is the commonest cause of salmonellosis in calves. On five calf rearing farms a distinct strain, as indicated by plasmid profile analysis, was found to have persisted on the premises for periods ranging from four months to two years, the average being 14 months. The persistence of salmonellae in the environment appears to be an important factor in the epidemiology of calf salmonellosis and clearly indicates the inadequacy of many cleaning and disinfection routines.
Vet Rec 1991 Nov 23
PMID:Epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: persistence of salmonellae on calf units. 176 66

Five inactivated and one attenuated vaccine produced for the prevention of salmonellosis in pigeons were compared in an experimental challenge model. The birds were vaccinated according to the recommendations of the manufacturers and they were infected by gavage with a Salmonella typhimurium (var copenhagen) pigeon strain. The challenged control animals showed severe weight loss, excessive water intake over a prolonged period, and excreted large numbers of salmonellae. None of the vaccines fully protected the pigeons, and only an inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine was able to reduce the severity of the clinical signs significantly. Mortality was low and tended to increase with the severity of the clinical signs. These results do not justify the preventive use of salmonella vaccination in pigeons. Nevertheless, the oil adjuvant vaccine may help in the effective cleaning of lofts after an outbreak of salmonellosis.
Vet Rec 1991 Feb 16
PMID:Protective effects of vaccines against experimental salmonellosis in racing pigeons. 202 75

A survey of mortality in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) was carried out between July 1976 and November 1986. Most were from Norfolk. Of the 74 examined, 35 (47.3 per cent) were road casualties, one of which yielded Salmonella typhimurium phage type (PT) 104. Of the remaining 39, 13 (33.3 per cent) had salmonellosis due to S enteritidis PT 11. This organism, which appears to be common and widespread in hedgehogs in England was found in 10 separate incidents. The only other zoonosis was ringworm (Trichophyton erinacei infection). Other findings included ectoparasitic infestations with mange mites (Caparinia tripilis), fleas (Archaeopsylla erinacei) and ticks (Ixodes hexagonus). Helminths comprised Crenosoma striatum lungworms (associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in one animal), intestinal nematodes (Capillaria species), cestodes (Rodentolepis erinacei), trematodes (Brachylaemus erinacei) and acanthocephalans (Prosthoryhnchus species). Metaldehyde poisoning was diagnosed in three animals. Over a 10 year period 370 carcases were counted on a stretch of 18 miles of road in Norfolk. The major causes of mortality are probably road casualties and hypothermia during the winter months. In December 1988 S enteritidis PT 11 was isolated from three of four carcases examined in Berkshire and the zoonosis pseudotuberculosis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection) was diagnosed in two of them.
Vet Rec 1991 Mar 16
PMID:Zoonoses and other findings in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus): a survey of mortality and review of the literature. 203 15


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