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A phloxine-alcian blue (PhAB) method has been used to stain the porcine nasal mucosa for macroscopic examination. Applied to either fresh or fixed specimens it stains respiratory epithelium dark blue and non-cilated epithelium, including the metaplastic epithelia of rhinitis, bright pink. The PhAB technique is simple, inexpensive and dependable, and is suitable for routine application in the post mortem room. Stained and fixed specimens may be preserved virtually indefinitely.
Vet Rec 1976 Mar 06
PMID:Rhinitis of pigs: A gross staining method for macroscopic examination of the nasal mucosa. 5 99

Both porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica produced rhinitis and pneumonia when inoculated intranasally into young gnotobiotic pigs. With PCMV the nasal lesions were confirmed to the lamina propria, while Bordetella produced atrophy of the turbinate bones and hyperplasia and degeneration of the nasal epithelium. Some exacerbation of the lesions was observed in the nasal mucosa of pigs given both agents, but the degree of bone atrophy was not increased.
Vet Rec 1976 Jan 17
PMID:Relationship of porcine cytomegalovirus and B bronchiseptica to atrophic rhinitis in gnotobiotic piglets. 17 65

A postal survey was carried out by the Pig Veterinary Society to establish the opinions of its members on priorities for pig research: 153 members, 64 per cent of the total--returned analysable questionnaires. The survey shows that problems of highest priority for members are atrophic rhinitis, non-infectious infertility, neonatal enteritis, economics of disease, preventive medicine programmes and swine dysentery. The membership was classified by the nature of their work into five groups and the six subjects listed above cover the top three priorities of all groups. A classification of the papers listed in the Index of Current Research on Pigs XXII 1976 suggests that some of the six subjects are under researched.
Vet Rec 1976 Dec 04
PMID:Priorities for pig research. 99 96

The snouts of 2701 pork, bacon and heavy pigs killed at five abattoirs in England and Scotland during March to July 1974 were examined for evidence of atrophic rhinitis. Lesions were graded 1 to 5 according to severity. Suspicious lesions were present in 75-7 per cent of the sample. There was obvious atrophy of the turbinates in 44-7 per cent (grade 2 to 5) and severe atrophy in 17-5 per cent (grades 3 to 5). Foreign bodies were found in or between the posterior cheek teeth of 5-3 per cent of the sample. There was frequently an associated gingivitis. Other lesions seen included black discolouration of the teeth, severe tooth wear and osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint. It was concluded that the incidence of atrophic rhinitis could have increased markedly since the last survey of the United Kingdom was undertaken in 1956/57 and some form of disease-monitoring service was urgently needed.
Vet Rec 1975 Jun 14
PMID:Atrophic rhinitis of pigs: abattoir studies. 113 31

Snout radiography is a useful and practicable aid to the diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis. It is also a fairly reliable means of detecting and measuring turbinate atrophy and distortion of the septum nasi in the live pig. Suitable physical and pharmacological methods of restraining pigs for snout radiography are described and guide lines for producing satisfactory, standard snout radiographs are given. Parameters and criteria are recommended for qualitative and quantitative methods of interpreting snout radiographs. The quantitative scoring system approximates the macroscopic post mortem snout scoring system generally employed in Britain and provides data which might be used in genetic or other control programmes. Radiographic standards are tentatively suggested for certifying pigs free from gross lesions of atrophic rhinitis for sale or export purposes.
Vet Rec 1976 Jan 10
PMID:Porcine atrophic rhinitis: snout radiography as an aid to diagnosis and detection of the disease. 125 88

Mycoplasmas were isolated from two of 43 nasal swabs taken from live horses, and from one of 28 tracheal swabs taken from slaughtered horses. The slaughtered horse that yielded mycoplasmas had no gross pathological changes in the respiratory tract, but the nasal isolations were made from horses with rhinitis. The three mycoplasmas could be distinguished by cultural characteristics, and probably they represent three different species.
Vet Rec 1976 Mar 20
PMID:Isolation of mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of horses in Australia. 126 85

This paper is the first report of the production of a dermonecrotic toxin by pasteurella strains that do not belong to the species Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida. Four strains, isolated from cattle with atrophic rhinitis, were characterised phenotypically. The strains were related to pasteurellaceae, but their taxonomic position remained unclear. The strains produced a toxin that caused a haemorrhagic dermonecrosis in guinea pigs and was lethal to mice. Both effects were neutralised by an antiserum against the purified dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida subspecies multocida. Western blot analysis of culture filtrates of the bovine strains revealed a protein, with the same molecular weight as dermonecrotic toxin, which reacted with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the toxin. In an immunodiffusion test, anti-dermonecrotic toxin serum did not discriminate between the toxin of the bovine strains and the toxin of P multocida subspecies multocida. It is concluded that these atypical pasteurella strains produce a toxin that is closely related to the dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida subspecies multocida.
Vet Rec 1990 Apr 28
PMID:Atypical Pasteurella strains producing a toxin similar to the dermonecrotic toxin of Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida. 211 55

Four herds of pigs were selected which had different degrees of clinical atrophic rhinitis and used different specific counter-measures. In two of them, the clinical signs occurred spasmodically and were slight. The sows, suckling pigs and growing pigs in all the herds were sampled for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida. In one of the slightly affected herds (herd D), the weaners were moved to a second farm for finishing. No toxigenic P multocida were found at the breeding farm, but 50 per cent of the large growing pigs were positive. It seemed that the organism had entered only at the finishing farm and that the mild clinical signs were due to the infection starting in older pigs than usual. In the second mildly affected herd, 47 per cent of the sows and 42 per cent of the growers were infected. Three toxigenic isolates from this herd produced as severe turbinate damage experimentally in specific-pathogen-free pigs as a stock pathogenic strain. Except in herd D, toxigenic P multocida were found in all the age groups of pigs sampled. However, the pattern of distribution of the organism within the herds was not obviously correlated with the severity of the disease. In a fifth herd there were obvious cases of clinical atrophic rhinitis, with marked turbinate atrophy, from which toxi-genic P multocida were recovered in abundance. Subsequently, the clinical disease disappeared and, despite extensive and repeated sampling, the organism was not found again.
Vet Rec 1990 May 05
PMID:Detection and distribution of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in pig herds with different degrees of atrophic rhinitis. 235

Computerised tomography, used as a diagnostic tool for atrophic rhinitis in pigs, facilitated the macroscopic grading of the nasal structures in live pigs of any age. The results of sequential scans in normal and affected pigs are described; transient atrophy of the ventral conchae was observed in one pig.
Vet Rec 1990 Jun 16
PMID:Diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis by computerised tomography: a preliminary report. 238 54

The Pig Health Control Association launched a health scheme for atrophic rhinitis in 1978. For several years pig herds were monitored by scoring the degree of turbinate damage and by clinical inspections. When laboratory facilities became available for detecting toxigenic Pasteurella multocida, nasal swabs were taken from pigs in Association herds during 1988 and 1989 to determine whether the organism was present. Sows were screened routinely and in the worst affected herds, sucklers and weaners were also swabbed. In 12 of 19 herds with consistently low snout scores toxigenic P multocida were not isolated, and in 15 herds which developed higher snout scores with time toxigenic P multocida were also not found. Eleven herds had never been listed by the Association, either because their snout scores were consistently high or because they had received importations of stock from herds with high snout scores; of six of these herds with the most persistently high snout scores five showed varying degrees of the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis, but none of the six showed evidence of infection with toxigenic P multocida, and the organism was not found in the other five herds in the group. There seems to be an overlap between the clinical and gross pathological signs of atrophic rhinitis seen in some herds not infected with toxigenic P multocida and the mild and spasmodic signs of atrophic rhinitis seen in some herds which are substantially infected with the organism.
Vet Rec 1990 Jul 28
PMID:Screening pig herds for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida and turbinate damage in a health scheme for atrophic rhinitis. 240 61


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