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Outbreaks of severe respiratory disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were recorded in dairy herds throughout Sweden in 1988 and subsequently. The virus was demonstrated in nasopharyngeal swab material from animals in the acute stage of the disease by culture, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by immunofluorescence. Serological data from the herds investigated showed that the cows had seroconverted to BRSV rather than to bovine coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus or parainfluenza-3 virus. It was predominantly dairy herds in isolated areas that contracted a severe primary BRSV infection, often after the purchase of new animals. A nationwide survey for BRSV antibodies in bulk milk samples showed the highest prevalence, of 84 to 89 per cent, in the southernmost regions of Sweden and the lowest prevalence, of 41 to 51 per cent, in the north of the country. The prevalence of BRSV was highest in areas with the highest populations of cattle.
Vet Rec 1996 Feb 03
PMID:Severe respiratory disease in dairy cows caused by infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. 865 Sep 2

Ten outbreaks of calf respiratory disease in Danish dairy herds were investigated by lung lavage, and in eight of the herds paired blood samples were tested serologically. In six of the 10 herds bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antigen was detected in the lung lavage fluids. In only one calf was coronavirus and BRSV detected simultaneously. The paired blood samples confirmed that four of the herds were BRSV-infected, and in one herd the BRSV infection was diagnosed by the paired blood samples alone. Significant increases in antibody titres against coronavirus were observed in two herds, both in combination with other virological agents. No adenovirus antigen was detected in any of the lavage samples, but in two herds a significant increase in antibody titres against adenovirus was observed. Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus was not detected in the lung lavage fluids, and in four of the herds, no antibodies to PI-3 were detected. In three herds no viral involvement could be found. The findings suggest that BRSV may be an important causative agent in calf respiratory disease in Denmark, even in very young calves.
Vet Rec 1996 Aug 03
PMID:Viral aetiology of enzootic pneumonia in Danish dairy herds: diagnostic tools and epidemiology. 885 89

A longitudinal study of respiratory disease in racehorses was carried out to assess its relative associations with different infectious agents and to examine any role that the environmental conditions might play. The relationships between coughing, nasal discharge, pyrexia and lower respiratory tract disease were also examined to provide information for improving clinical diagnosis, particularly of disease of the lower respiratory tract. Lower airway disease was closely associated with infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. It was also found that equine herpesvirus seroconversions and S pneumoniae infections were independently associated with the development of nasal discharge. Coughing was a specific, but insensitive measure of lower respiratory tract disease (specificity 84 per cent, sensitivity 38 per cent). However, horses that coughed were very likely to have had lower airway disease for more than one month. Horses housed on straw in loose boxes were twice as likely to suffer from lower airway disease as those kept on shredded paper in American barns. The study was not large enough to assess the significance of rarer infections but it did improve the definition of the problem of respiratory disease in racehorses and revealed some of the trends in the associations between viruses, bacteria and the environment in respiratory disease.
Vet Rec 1996 Sep 28
PMID:Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. 889 88

The prevalence and clinical signs of phocid herpesvirus type-1 (PhHV-1) infections among harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in a seal rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands were monitored between June and September 1993 and 1994 when 34 and 36 seals, respectively, were rehabilitated. In both years PhHV-1-related disease outbreaks occurred in the pupping season. PhHV-1 infections were diagnosed by the demonstration of a more than four-fold increase in virus neutralising serum antibodies in paired serum samples, by the isolation of the virus from swab samples in primary seal kidney cells, and by the detection of PhHV-1 DNA with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in swab samples. This assay targets a 290 bp fragment of the glycoprotein D (gD) gene equivalent of PhHV-1. The PCR assay when combined with Southern blotting (PCR-SB) was approximately 1000 times more sensitive than virus isolation when tested with serially diluted samples from PhHV-1-infected cell cultures. In contrast with virus isolation, the PCR-SB scored as positive all the animals with serological evidence of PhHV-1 infection. The majority of seals present in the centre during the outbreaks contracted the infection and developed benign upper respiratory disease. However, the severity of PhHV-1-related disease was inversely correlated with age and fatal generalised infections occurred only in neonates.
Vet Rec 1997 May 10
PMID:Age-related disease in recurrent outbreak of phocid herpesvirus type-1 infections in a seal rehabilitation centre: evaluation of diagnostic methods. 917 97

A cross-sectional survey of a convenience-sample of 740 cats was undertaken to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and to identify risk factors that might predispose them to the infection. Data on individual cats and household variables, including disease status and animal contacts were obtained by questionnaire. B bronchiseptica was isolated from 82 (11 per cent) of the cats sampled. The prevalence of B bronchiseptica varied with the type of household sampled, being 19.5 per cent in rescue catteries, 9 per cent in breeding catteries, 13.5 per cent in research colonies, and 0 per cent in household pets. On the basis of a univariable analysis, 19 of 29 predictor variables were found to be significantly associated with the isolation of B bronchiseptica, including an association with cats in rescue catteries, and with cats from premises with larger numbers of animals. Separate analysis of the rescue cattery subpopulation showed a highly significant association on multivariable analysis with current respiratory disease, suggesting that different risk factors may operate in this type of environment. In the whole sample there was also strong association with cats from households containing a dog with recent respiratory tract disease. The clinical signs observed in the B bronchiseptica-positive cats included sneezing, ocular and nasal discharges and coughing, although only the association with sneezing was statistically significant. There was no significant association between the isolation of B bronchiseptica and the isolation of respiratory viruses, suggesting that in some circumstances B bronchiseptica may be able to cause disease independently.
Vet Rec 1999 May 22
PMID:Prevalence and risk factors for feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. 1037 88

Outbreaks of respiratory disease constitute a major health problem in herds of finishing pigs and their aetiology often remains unclear. In this study, 16 outbreaks of respiratory disease with acute clinical signs in finishing pigs were investigated to determine which infectious agents were involved. From each herd four diseased and two clinically healthy pigs were examined pathologically and for the presence of viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas. In addition, paired blood samples from 10 groupmates of the diseased pigs were tested for antibodies against commonly known causal agents of respiratory disease. A clear diagnosis was possible in 12 of the 16 outbreaks. Seven were due to an infection with influenza virus and five were due to an infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. A combination of influenza virus and A pleuropneumoniae may have caused one other outbreak, but no clear cause could be established for the other three outbreaks.
Vet Rec 1999 Jul 31
PMID:Survey of infectious agents involved in acute respiratory disease in finishing pigs. 1046 29

In 1998, equine influenza was diagnosed by serology and nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as the cause of acute respiratory disease in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses in the UK. The signs were generally milder in vaccinated horses and completely susceptible animals showed the most severe signs, including pyrexia, inappetence, coughing, mucopurulent nasal discharge and secondary bacterial pneumonia. In a detailed investigation of an outbreak among 52 vaccinated thoroughbreds in a flat racing yard, more than 60 per cent of the horses seroconverted on the evidence of paired serum samples tested by single radial haemolysis (SRH). Preliminary sequencing and characterisation of an isolate from this outbreak indicated that it was an 'American-like' strain. In addition, in this outbreak there was a larger proportion of horses with preinfection SRH titres greater than 140 mm2 that subsequently seroconverted than in other recent outbreaks from which 'European-like' strains have been isolated. This result suggested that the cross-protectivity between circulating 'American-like' strains and the 'European-like' strains of A/equine-2 viruses present in current vaccines may be decreasing.
Vet Rec 1999 Oct 16
PMID:Equine influenza in the United Kingdom in 1998. 1057 77

Respiratory disease in growing cattle has both animal welfare and economic implications, but the use of antimicrobial drugs to treat and control it is under public scrutiny owing to concerns that their use in food-producing animals may be detrimental to human health. This paper outlines criteria for the selection of appropriate and cost-effective drugs, based on good dinical practice and sound economic principles. It also suggests that these principles should be integrated into quality assurance schemes, and that the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns among known bacterial respiratory pathogens should be improved.
Vet Rec 2000 May 06
PMID:Cost-effective antimicrobial drug selection for the management and control of respiratory disease in European cattle. 1083 48

In order to assess the influence of the vertebral heart scale (VHS) on the accuracy of the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease, thoracic radiographs of 50 dogs with proven cardiac disease, 26 with other thoracic diseases, and 50 with no clinical signs of cardiovascular or respiratory disease were mixed and examined by three independent, blinded observers chosen to represent a range of radiographic abilities. They first examined all the radiographs without making measurements of VHS and made a diagnosis. They then re-examined the radiographs, and measured VHS on both lateral and dorsoventral or ventrodorsal radiographs before again recording a diagnosis without reference to their original diagnoses. For all the observers, the dogs with cardiac disease had a higher mean VHS than the normal dogs. A VHS over 10.7 on the lateral radiograph was a moderately accurate sign of cardiac disease. The observers' accuracy of diagnosis did not change significantly as a result of using VHS as an adjunct to a subjective assessment of the radiographs.
Vet Rec 2000 Jun 10
PMID:Assessment of the value of the vertebral heart scale in the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs. 1088 80

The vertebral heart scale was measured on right lateral recumbent thoracic radiographs of 320 dogs of six popular breeds, including for each breed at least 20 dogs with no clinical signs of cardiovascular or respiratory disease and at least 19 dogs with cardiac or respiratory disease. There were significant differences between the mean values of the scale for the different breeds; the normal boxer dogs had a significantly higher mean value than the normal dogs of all the other breeds, and the labrador retrievers had a significantly higher mean value than all the other breeds except the boxer and the cavalier King Charles spaniel. For all the breeds except the boxer, there was a trend for dogs with cardiac disease (but not respiratory disease) to have higher mean values on the scale than normal dogs of the same breed; however, at the optimal value of the scale for distinguishing between dogs of each breed with and without cardiac disease, the sensitivity and specificity were relatively low, in the range 58 to 83 per cent. The scale was most accurate for the diagnosis of cardiac disease in the Yorkshire terrier and the cavalier King Charles spaniel, breeds affected by predominantly dilative forms of cardiac disease. In contrast, it was very inaccurate in the boxer, a breed that has a higher incidence of cardiac diseases associated with concentric hypertrophy.
Vet Rec 2001 Jun 09
PMID:Use of breed-specific ranges for the vertebral heart scale as an aid to the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs. 1143 Jun 80


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