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The presenting signs are described of 19 dogs that were observed from the time of presentation until death. Rabies was confirmed by laboratory tests in each case. Vicious behaviour was seen in only six dogs. Paralytic signs and/or abnormal behaviour--the so-called "dumb" rabies--were more frequent. Six of the dogs had received Flury strain LEP vaccination. Intense conjunctival congestion was an important diagnostic feature.
Vet Rec
PMID:Rabies in the dog. 60 88

A random sample survey using personal interviews was conducted in Zimbabwe in 1986 to determine the size and structure of the national dog population and its level of rabies vaccination. There was an average of 0.91 dogs per household in Zimbabwe giving an extrapolated total population of 1,308,577 dogs. There was a dog to people ratio of 1:6.5 and an average of 3.4 dogs per square kilometre. The ratio of adult male to female dogs was 0.56:0.44, with 20 per cent of the dog population being less than three months old. In the period 1950 to 1986 there was a 4.7 per cent per annum growth rate of the dog population. In one of the provinces, Manicaland, dogs were found to have an average age of 2.3 years and a life expectancy at birth of 4.6 years. An estimated 40 per cent of the dog population three months old and above had been vaccinated against rabies in 1985/1986. With the rabies incidence in Zimbabwe still unacceptably high this level of vaccination is clearly inadequate and measures designed to increase it are discussed.
Vet Rec 1990 Dec 15
PMID:Survey of the dog population of Zimbabwe and its level of rabies vaccination. 207 89

The efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus (10(8) TCID50) contained in a machine-made baiting system has been tested in 22 captive young foxes which were divided into three experimental groups of six and a control group of four foxes. Each fox in groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed one, two and three vaccine-baits, respectively, on successive days. The four unvaccinated foxes were housed separately. As shown by the incorporation of a tetracycline biomarker into their bones, all the baited foxes ingested at least one bait. Thirty days after baiting seroconversion to rabies was observed in 15 (83 per cent) of the foxes and seroconversion to vaccinia in 14 (78 per cent). Sixteen of the 18 (89 per cent) baited foxes resisted a rabies challenge 30 days after baiting. One cub was protected against rabies despite the absence of detectable anti-rabies antibody. The results demonstrate that the bait-sachet system permits a good release of the virus suspension into the mouth.
Vet Rec 1990 Aug 18
PMID:Efficacy of a baiting system for vaccinating foxes against rabies with vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. 221 48

A baiting system suitable for the delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dog populations in developing countries was studied in Zimbabwe. In a field trial, 369 sponge baits containing a placebo liquid, rhodamine B as a biomarker and a pungent attractant were distributed over an area of 60 sq km in a communal land in Manicaland with a dog population of over 500. Twenty-four hours later 21 per cent of the baits were recovered and 79 per cent of these had been significantly bitten or chewed. Twenty-five per cent of the dogs examined showed evidence of superficial staining by rhodamine B indicating that they had chewed baits or ingested their contents. It was concluded that the system would deliver an oral vaccine to dog populations more efficiently than had been the case in comparable studies in wildlife populations, but that the number of baits per unit area should in future studies be increased.
Vet Rec 1988 Jul 16
PMID:A baiting system suitable for the delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dog populations in Zimbabwe. 317 60

A field trial of fox vaccination against rabies using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus was carried out in Belgium on October 24, 1987. Each vaccine capsule contained a suspension of 10(8) TCID50 of the recombinant virus and was introduced into a chicken head. Each chicken head contained 150 mg of tetracycline as a marker of uptake. Two hundred and fifty heads were distributed in an area of 6 km2 situated within a military zone. The bait uptake was monitored for 15 days after the distribution. Sixty-three per cent of the chicken heads were taken by wild animals within that period. The trial was controlled according to the rules defined by the World Health Organisation.
Vet Rec 1988 Nov 05
PMID:First field trial of fox vaccination against rabies using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. 320 93

Campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in Belgium in September 1986 and June and September 1987. The SAD B19 attenuated strain of rabies virus was inserted into baits which were distributed over an area of 2100 km2 at a density of 11 baits/km2. As recommended by the World Health Organisation, the efficacy and the innocuity of the method were controlled in the field and in the laboratory. Samples of blood and brain and jaw were taken from foxes which were shot or found dead in the vaccination area, for the diagnosis of rabies, the titration of antirabies antibody and the detection of tetracycline marker. In rabid animals, the virus strain was characterised by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies. In September 1987, the uptake of the baits had reached 72 per cent by 14 days after distribution. Several wild species competed with foxes in taking the baits. After the last campaign, tetracycline was found in 65 per cent of the healthy foxes collected and rabies virus neutralising antibodies were detected in 77 per cent of them. In 1987, the incidence of rabies decreased markedly in the vaccination area compared with the untreated areas. No vaccine virus was isolated either from rabid animals or from 228 small mammals trapped in the vaccination area.
Vet Rec 1988 Dec 10
PMID:A field trial in Belgium to control fox rabies by oral immunisation. 321 39

The first case of rabies for 25 years was recorded in the Chinhoyi veterinary region of north-western Zimbabwe in September 1980. An epidemic in jackals (86 per cent of cases) with associated cases in cattle (7 per cent) spread rapidly northwestward through the commercial farming areas. Within 18 months the front had moved 180 km from the probable point of entry of the disease. One case was diagnosed a further 30 km to the north-west. Following a comparatively quiet period in 1982 a second epidemic developed in dogs and spread back 100 km south-eastward during the second half of 1983. Epidemiological factors, the behavioural features of cases and the ownership and vaccination status of dogs are reported. Dogs were a more serious threat to human beings than jackals and the only two known human cases occurred in late 1983. Factors contributing to the patterns of the epidemics are illustrated and discussed.
Vet Rec 1988 Feb 06
PMID:An outbreak of rabies in north-western Zimbabwe 1980 to 1983. 336 62

Levels of passively transferred maternal antibodies to three canine viruses, rabies virus (RV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) virus, in serum specimens from 14 fetal pups and in serial serum specimens collected up to 45 days after whelping from 14 neonate pups were compared with levels of antibodies to these viruses in milk and sera collected concurrently from their respective dams. Radioimmunoassays using RV-, CDV- and ICH virus-specific antigens showed that sera from all fetal pups had detectable levels of antibodies to all three canine viruses and ICH neutralising antibodies were detected in sera from 10 of the 14 fetal pups. As the time after whelping increased, titres of RV-, CDV- and ICH virus antibodies measured by radioimmunoassay and ICH virus neutralising antibody tests in serially collected specimens of milk from dams rapidly decreased, while titres of the antibodies in serum specimens from newborn pups in their litters steadily decreased. Individual fetal and newborn pups with a high titre of antibody to one virus also had high titres to the other two viruses, although a wide range of titres was observed among pups in each of the litters studied. Markedly higher titres of antibody to all three viruses were observed in serially collected specimens of sera from dams than in sera from fetal and newborn pups in their litters. Results show that maternal RV, CDV and ICH virus antibodies are transferred from dams to pups in utero and by nursing. Levels of these maternal virus-specific antibodies in newborn pup sera decreased at similar rates as time after whelping increased.
Vet Rec 1981 Apr 04
PMID:Time dependent decreases of maternal canine virus antibodies in newborn pups. 626 93

The disruption of veterinary services in the tribal areas of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) during seven years of conflict resulted in serious epidemics of disease. The cessation of dipping was followed by the death of an estimated one million cattle from tick-borne disease. Heavy mortality followed the disruption of control measures for trypanosomiasis. Foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax spread widely in the tribal areas. Rabies, normally restricted to areas bordering Botswana and Mocambique, became widespread. A marked increase in human deaths from anthrax and rabies occurred.
Vet Rec 1980 Jul 26
PMID:The effects of war on the control of diseases of livestock in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). 744 71

In assessing the potential of the tetracycline compounds as biomarkers in oral rabies vaccination campaigns in jackals in Zimbabwe, the natural prevalence of fluorescent compounds in bone tissue from jackals was investigated. Femur samples were taken from unbaited jackals received for routine rabies diagnosis, and thin undecalcified sections were cut and viewed under an ultraviolet microscope. Of 131 femur samples examined, 49 (37 per cent) had fluorescent markings indistinguishable from those of tetracycline. The result implies that the tetracycline compounds, which are commonly used in rabies baiting campaigns in Europe and North America, cannot be used as biomarkers in jackals in Zimbabwe.
Vet Rec 1994 Aug 20
PMID:Naturally occurring tetracycline-like fluorescence in sections of femur from jackals in Zimbabwe. 799 75


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