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Animals were experimentally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var suis at weekly intervals between birth and five weeks of age. Excoriations were observed on the luminal surface of the ear seven days after the initial infestation. Encrusted lesions developed in the ears of all pigs between the third and eighth weeks but spontaneously regressed and disappeared by the 14th week. A generalised pruritus, accompanied by focal erythematous skin lesions developed in a majority of pigs between seven and 11 weeks of age. The presence of pruritus was associated with an eosinophilia and histological changes in the skin which were consistent with an allergic reaction. The results are discussed in relation to their diagnostic significance and their importance in the control and eradication of the disease.
Vet Rec 1979 Jan 06
PMID:Experimental Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in pigs: (1) pathogenesis. 43 1

Morphological changes in cutaneous nerve endings were investigated electron microscopically in patients suffering from certain kinds of urticaria with associated itching and in normal skin in which wheals and local itching were induced either by application of nettle hairs or by intracutaneous injections of a timothy pollen extract. Skin samples were obtained with a high speed dermal punch without anesthesia from the wheal areas. It was found that some subepidermal free nerve endings derived from non-myelinated nerve fibers (penicillate endings) showed accumulations of extra-cytoplasmic glycogen which was localized in the distended spaces between the axolemma, the Schwann cell membrane and the nerve basement membrane. In some cases, the glycogen was found to be so abundant that it occupied most of the cross sectional area of the ending. No morphological changes were observed in the pappilary endings, in nerve endings of the hairs or in the autonomic terminals. The conducting segments of all cutaneous nerve fibers showed normal morphology. The unusual morphological changes that occur in some penicillate nerve endings during the wheal development indicate that these endings are involved in the skin reaction and therefore they may be the specific end organs that are associated with itch, at least in urticaria.
Anat Rec 1977 May
PMID:Fine morphological changes in the penicillate nerve endings of human hairy skin during prolonged itching. 86 27

The case histories of the 20 goats affected with natural scrapie which have been examined since 1975 at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, are reviewed. Their ages ranged from two to seven years (median three years, four months) and 85 per cent of them were between two and four years old. The most common clinical signs were hyperaesthesia, ataxia and pruritus. The histories indicated that scrapie can occur in goats which have not been in contact with sheep.
Vet Rec 1992 Jul 25
PMID:Natural scrapie in goats: case histories and clinical signs. 152 2

An outbreak of the pruritus, pyrexia, haemorrhagic syndrome affected eight of a herd of 175 cows which was divided into two groups of 115 and 60 according to yield. There was no difference in management between them but citrus pulp pellets were fed only to the larger group in which the eight cows were affected. Silage, which had been made without the use of additives, was also fed to both groups. The citrus pulp was visibly mouldy and contained 30 to 40 parts per billion of citrinin. Signs of the syndrome occurred within three days of the cows starting to ingest the citrus pulp, which was fed for 21 days, and the last case occurred six days after the feeding of citrus pulp ceased. Five calves whose dams had been fed citrus pulp were subsequently born with superior prognathism. In contrast to the eight cows that developed the syndrome only one out of 68 heifers which were fed larger quantities of citrus pulp for 10 days developed mild signs of the syndrome and then recovered, suggesting that older animals may be more susceptible. The clinical signs, gross pathology and histopathology are described and compared with those of previous outbreaks. Mycotoxins, particularly citrinin, were strongly implicated as the cause of this outbreak.
Vet Rec 1991 Aug 10
PMID:Citrinin as a possible cause of the pruritus, pyrexia, haemorrhagic syndrome in cattle. 192 30

The feasibility of using infra-red thermography for early and out of season detection of summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (sweet itch) was tested on 13 sensitive and six insensitive horses in Israel. In summer (June, July and September) six affected mares and two unaffected sensitive mares (one of them a pony) were clearly 'warmer' in the affected zones than three insensitive mares. In winter (February and March) unaffected sensitive horses could be differentiated from insensitive mares by the warm areas detected in the affected zones. Small numbers of Culicoides imicola bites may have been the cause of the local heat reactions of the body that were detected by the infra-red radiometer.
Vet Rec 1989 Sep 30
PMID:Potential of infra-red thermography for the detection of summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (sweet itch) in horses. 259 60

The lesions of a seasonal dermatitis in sheep occurred mainly on the ventral surface of the animals, but in other respects they resembled those of 'sweet itch' in horses. They were primarily an immediate hypersensitivity response and the circumstantial evidence indicated that they were due to the bites of Culicoides species, possibly C obsoletus.
Vet Rec 1988 Sep 24
PMID:Seasonal allergic dermatitis in sheep. 1107 92

This study, initiated in June 1987, describes the epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a recently described novel neurological disease of domestic cattle first identified in Great Britain in November 1986. Records suggested that the earliest suspected cases occurred in April 1985. There was variability in the presenting signs and the disease course, but the majority of cases developed behavioural disorders, gait ataxia, paresis and loss of bodyweight; pruritus was not a predominant sign. The form of the epidemic was typical of an extended common source in which all affected animals were index cases. The use of therapeutic or agricultural chemicals on affected farms presented no common factors. Specific genetic analyses eliminated BSE from being exclusively determined by simple mendelian inheritance. Neither was there any evidence that it was introduced into Great Britain by imported cattle or semen. The study supports previous evidence of aetiological similarities between BSE and scrapie of sheep. The findings were consistent with exposure of cattle to a scrapie-like agent, via cattle feedstuffs containing ruminant-derived protein. It is suggested that exposure began in 1981/82 and that the majority of affected animals became infected in calfhood.
Vet Rec 1988 Dec 17
PMID:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies. 321 47

A survey of sweet itch in horses in Israel based on a questionnaire to owners reported that 158 of 723 horses (21.8 per cent) had sweet itch lesions. The results indicated that the likelihood of a horse acquiring sweet itch decreased with increasing altitude but no definite association with rainfall zones was evident. Variation in the density of the horse population, however, obscured these observations. In the population surveyed, stallions were more sensitive than mares and pale horses appeared to be less sensitive than dark ones, but the sample size of this latter group was much smaller. Intradermal injection of extracts of Culicoides imicola and Stomoxys calcitrans gave immediate reactions in sensitive horses but delayed reactions were observed only with extracts of C imicola. Sensitivity to extracts of C circumscriptus was also evident in allergic horses. Antibodies to extracts of Culicoides species and Stomoxys species were demonstrable in the serum of normal and allergic horses by the ELISA technique.
Vet Rec 1983 May 28
PMID:Epidemiological and immunological studies of sweet itch in horses in Israel. 687 63

An outbreak of Aujeszky's disease occurred in a flock of 160 ewes which had been shorn and housed adjacent to pigs which were excreting Aujeszky's disease virus. The 29 affected sheep developed either the classical 'mad itch' signs associated with Aujeszky's disease in ruminants or signs of encephalitis. Aujeszky's disease virus was isolated from the central nervous system of the affected ewes. Five farm cats also became ill and died. Histological lesions of viral encephalitis were observed in one of the cats and Aujeszky's disease virus was isolated from its brain.
Vet Rec 1995 Jun 03
PMID:An outbreak of Aujeszky's disease in sheep in Northern Ireland. 767 79

Four cows with cholestasis, whose general condition was moderately to severely disturbed, were examined. Two of them had signs of colic, and one had severe pruritus. All of them had jaundice and three had dermatitis solaris. Bilirubinuria occurred in three of the cows and they all had increased concentrations of serum bilirubin and serum bile acids and increased activities of hepatic enzymes. An ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder revealed that in one cow only the extrahepatic bile ducts were dilated, in another only the intrahepatic bile ducts were dilated and in the other two both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts were dilated. In three of the cows the gallbladder was severely dilated and the wall was thickened. Ultrasonographically, the bile appeared either anechoic or echogenic. Surgical or post mortem examinations revealed that the cholestasis in one cow was attributable to obstruction of the common hepatic duct in the area of the hepatic hilus, in two it was caused by obstruction of the common bile duct near the duodenal papilla, and in the fourth cow, the common bile duct was compressed by adhesions, resulting from peritonitis, which involved the liver, gallbladder and abdominal wall.
Vet Rec 1995 Nov 18
PMID:Ultrasonographic findings in cows with cholestasis. 859 16


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