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Ectoparasites of sheep in Britain include the tick Ixodes ricinus, the blowfly, Lucilia sericata, the ked, Melophagus ovinus and the lice, Damalinia ovis and Linognathus ovillus. The most important ectoparasite, however, is the mite Psoroptes communis ovis which causes sheep scab. This notifiable disease was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but was reported again in 1973. The control of ectoparasites depends largely on the efficient application of insecticide to the fleece and skin. Plunge dipping in a bath is generally regarded as the most efficient method and is compulsory for the control of sheep scab but it is not always the most convenient. After the eradication of sheep scab in 1952 plunge dipping was no longer compulsory and jetting, spraying and showering techniques were then employed for the other ectoparasites.
Vet Rec 1978 Jan 21
PMID:The efficacy of showers for control of ectoparasites of sheep. 7 63

Propetamphos is a new organophosphorous compound with broad spectrum acaricidal and insecticidal activity. Dip wash concentrations of 100 to 200 ppm protect sheep against field challenge for approximately 10 weeks for blowflies, 16 weeks for lice and keds and six weeks for ticks. During laboratory and field trial studies a wash concentration of 125 ppm propetamphos eradicated sheep scab and protected from reinfestation for over four weeks.
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 03
PMID:Control of sheep scab and other sheep ectoparasites with propetamphos. 650 41

An investigation into the health and husbandry of 15 small poultry flocks was undertaken. Each flock was visited in July and a questionnaire on management practices and disease history was completed. The flocks were clinically examined and serological tests for Salmonella pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, eggdrop syndrome 76, adenoviruses and reoviruses were carried out. Oesophageal and cloacal swabs were cultured for mycoplasma and pullorum reactors were cultured. M gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis and M gallinarum infections were detected and serological reactions for all the viral diseases, except egg drop syndrome 76, were found. Evidence of Newcastle disease and pullorum disease was encountered. Lice were present in five flocks and mites in four flocks. Welfare standards varied.
Vet Rec 1982 Sep 11
PMID:Survey of the health and husbandry of small poultry flocks in Great Britain. 681 44

The behaviour of cattle with and without louse infestation was studied for eight weeks. Thirty-two crossbred calves were housed in groups of four at 20 weeks old. Sixteen of the calves were artificially infested with the long-nosed cattle louse Linognathus vituli and 16 were left uninfested as controls. In infested animals the number of lice on the shoulders averaged 2.3 per 10 cm length of parted hair. The recorded frequency of irritation, manifested by rubbing and self-licking, was significantly greater in the louse-infested calves than in the uninfested controls. The infested calves spent 28 s/h rubbing and 95 s/h self-licking, compared with 8 s and 62 s/h spent by the uninfested controls. The infested calves also spent more than twice as long scratching as the controls. There were no significant effects of the infestation on social grooming.
Vet Rec 1995 Jul 08
PMID:Effects of the sucking louse (Linognathus vituli) on the grooming behaviour of housed calves. 852 79

A novel formulation of cypermethrin was applied as a bath treatment to Atlantic salmon infested with sea lice on a commercial fish farm on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Twenty 15 m x 15 m cages were treated with cypermethrin at a concentration of 5 micrograms/litre sea water. The numbers of sea lice of all stages were recorded on five fish per cage before the treatment and one, seven and 16 days after treatment. Statistically significant reductions in the numbers of chalimus III and IV pre-adults and adults were recorded over the whole period; the average percentage reductions at one and 16 days after treatment were 59 per cent and 90 per cent (chalimus III and IV), 98 per cent and 95 per cent (pre-adults), and 99 per cent (adults), respectively.
Vet Rec 1997 Feb 15
PMID:Novel cypermethrin formulation for the control of sea lice on salmon (Salmo salar) 906 79

To assess the persistence of the activity of topical ivermectin against a natural challenge with biting lice (Bovicola bovis), 90 mixed-breed cattle that had been treated to remove lice, were blocked by bodyweight within sex and randomly allocated to three treatments: untreated control, doramectin at 200 micrograms/kg by subcutaneous injection, and ivermectin at 500 micrograms/kg by topical application. Forty-five pens were blocked into three groups of 15, and the blocks of pens were randomly allocated to three 14-day challenge periods starting 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment. There were five pens per treatment for each challenge period, and one B bovis-infested donor calf was introduced into each pen containing two principal calves at the start of the challenge period for that block of pens. The calves were examined thoroughly for B bovis seven, 14 and 21 days after the introduction of the donors. There were no significant differences between the control and doramectin groups for the numbers of animals infested, or the geometric mean louse counts at the final examination for any of the challenge periods. At the final examination for each challenge period, the louse counts of the cattle treated with topical ivermectin were all zero, and significantly (P < 0.05) fewer cattle treated with topical ivermectin were infested than either the controls or cattle treated with doramectin.
Vet Rec 1998 Aug 15
PMID:Persistence of the activity of topical ivermectin against biting lice (Bovicola bovis). 976 60

A postal questionnaire was used to collect information on the prevalence of lice on cattle on a random sample of dairy farms in England and the bordering counties of Wales. Replies were received from 1040 (52.8 per cent) of the 1970 farms which were mailed. Fifty per cent of farmers reported having ever seen or suspected lice in their herds and 29 per cent reported possible infestations in the winter of 1996/97. Visits were made to 24 farms in the south west of England during February 1998. Twelve of the farmers said that they had seen or suspected lice in their herd since October 1997, and that lice were more frequently observed on the adult cattle. However, examination revealed lice on 18 of the 24 farms, and adult cattle were the least likely group to be infested.
Vet Rec 1999 Sep 25
PMID:Prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in England and the bordering counties of Wales. 1057 91

A recently compiled national database on sea lice infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon, contains detailed records for the period 1996 to 2000 from over 30 commercial sites on the west coast of Scotland. The data indicate that the two prevalent species of lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, have different trends in abundance and distinctive seasonal patterns of infestation on farmed salmon. For the economically important species L salmonis, its abundance on fish varies with the time of the production cycle, the time of year and the particular year. Weekly fluctuations in sea lice counts indicate that treatment can be very effective in controlling infestations but that the counts recover rapidly and regular treatments are necessary to ensure control. A comparison of sites using medium or large numbers of treatments suggests that they do not reduce sea lice infestations to the same levels. There is also evidence that sites using treatments based on different chemical constituents had significantly different levels of infestation.
Vet Rec
PMID:Sea lice infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon in Scotland and the use of ectoparasitic treatments. 1252 Dec 46

The efficacy of selamectin was evaluated against naturally acquired Trichodectes canis infestations on dogs and against Felicola subrostratus infestations on cats. Twenty dogs and 18 cats were randomly allocated to treatment with either a placebo or selamectin (6 mg/kg), administered topically once only on day 0. The treatment had no adverse effects in either the dogs or the cats. Efficacy was assessed by counting the live lice (adults and nymphs) on each animal by using a coat-parting technique on days -3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 for the dogs, and on days -1, 7, 21, 35 and 42 for the cats. On day 43, the number of live lice on each dog was also assessed by using a whole-body combing technique. Selamectin was 100 per cent effective in killing biting lice on the dogs and cats throughout the period of assessment; the louse counts on the treated dogs and cats were significantly lower than the pretreatment counts (P = 0.0001) and were also significantly lower than on the placebo-treated dogs (P < 0.05) and cats (P = 0.0001). There was a marked reduction in the prevalence of clinical signs associated with ectoparasite infestation in the treated dogs and no clinical signs were observed in any of the treated cats.
Vet Rec 2003 Feb 22
PMID:Efficacy of selamectin against biting lice on dogs and cats. 1262 38

Young calves which died on three dairy farms in England and Wales had generalised pallor and heavy infestations of the long-nosed sucking louse, Linognothus vituli. Surviving calves had packed-cell volumes, haemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell counts below the reference ranges, consistent with anaemia, and they were also heavily infested with lice. No other causes of anaemia were identified. It is proposed that heavy infestations with L. vituli should be considered when investigating the cause of anaemia in calves.
Vet Rec 2003 Aug 09
PMID:Anaemia and mortality in calves infested with the long-nosed sucking louse (Linognathus vituli). 1450 82


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