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Maedi-visna virus infection in a flock of sheep in Scotland was associated with respiratory disease, neurological disease, mastitis and lameness. The major clinical signs were dyspnoea (particularly on exercise), progressive fore- and hindlimb ataxia and balance defects, mammary induration and multilimb lameness, occasionally with enlarged carpal joints. Pathological examinations revealed lesions in the lungs, central nervous system, mammary glands and joints which were consistent with those induced by maedi-visna virus. The was no clinical or pathological evidence of concurrent sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, and pulmonary bacterial infections, when they occurred, were superimposed on the lesions due to maedi-visna virus.
Vet Rec 1992 Nov 14
PMID:Clinicopathological investigation of primary, uncomplicated maedi-visna virus infection. 838 91

Naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been recognised in sheep, man, mink, captive deer and cattle. Recently a similar disease was reported in a domestic cat. This paper describes the clinical and pathological findings in five cats with similar signs, including further observations on the original case. All the cats had a progressive, neurological disease involving locomotor disturbances, abnormal behaviour and, in most cases, altered sensory responses. Histopathological examination of the central nervous system revealed changes pathognomonic of the scrapie-like encephalopathies, including widespread vacuolation of the grey matter neuropil, vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and an astrocytic reaction.
Vet Rec 1991 Sep 14
PMID:Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. 180 15

Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia was associated with ataxia in five llamas. A presumptive diagnosis of cerebrospinal parasitism was made, and a response to combined anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory therapy was seen in each animal. The results demonstrate the value of an examination of cerebrospinal fluid in the evaluation of neurological disease in llamas.
Vet Rec 1989 Mar 25
PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia and ataxia in five llamas. 272 71

This study, initiated in June 1987, describes the epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a recently described novel neurological disease of domestic cattle first identified in Great Britain in November 1986. Records suggested that the earliest suspected cases occurred in April 1985. There was variability in the presenting signs and the disease course, but the majority of cases developed behavioural disorders, gait ataxia, paresis and loss of bodyweight; pruritus was not a predominant sign. The form of the epidemic was typical of an extended common source in which all affected animals were index cases. The use of therapeutic or agricultural chemicals on affected farms presented no common factors. Specific genetic analyses eliminated BSE from being exclusively determined by simple mendelian inheritance. Neither was there any evidence that it was introduced into Great Britain by imported cattle or semen. The study supports previous evidence of aetiological similarities between BSE and scrapie of sheep. The findings were consistent with exposure of cattle to a scrapie-like agent, via cattle feedstuffs containing ruminant-derived protein. It is suggested that exposure began in 1981/82 and that the majority of affected animals became infected in calfhood.
Vet Rec 1988 Dec 17
PMID:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies. 321 47

Analysis of field data suggested that listerial encephalitis in sheep was most common in winter and early spring in the age groups of sheep which would be cutting, changing and possibly losing teeth. It was hypothesised that under these conditions ingested Listeria monocytogenes could reach the fine dental terminals of the trigeminal nerve causing an ascending neuritis and encephalitis. Experimental inoculation of organisms into the dental pulp demonstrated the feasibility of this route of infection. Histological encephalitis was evident six days after inoculation but the incubation period to clinical neurological disease was at least three weeks.
Vet Rec 1985 Mar 02
PMID:Ovine listerial encephalitis: analysis, hypothesis and synthesis. 400 94

In the latter part of 1991 an unusual neurological disease was recognised on several farms in England. This report describes the case histories and clinical, biochemical and pathological findings in six calves and two lambs aged from two to 44 weeks obtained from five of these farms. Laminar cerebrocortical necrosis and severe bilateral necrosis of the thalamus and/or striatum progressing to cavitation were recognised in their brains. These changes are similar to those of experimental sulphate toxicity. Morbidity rates of 16 to 48 per cent and mortality rates of 0 to 8 per cent were recorded. The affected animals did not respond to vitamin B1 treatment; the erythrocyte transketolase levels of in-contact cattle and of one untreated affected calf and one untreated lamb were within the normal range. All five farms had recently introduced a proprietary concentrate ration containing ammonium bicarbonate. After this ration was withdrawn no new cases of nervous clinical disease were observed. It is suggested that, in at least some cases, the morphology and topography of lesions may distinguish sulphate induced polioencephalomalacia from that of sporadic thiamine-dependent cerebrocortical necrosis.
Vet Rec 1994 Apr 02
PMID:Polioencephalomalacia associated with the ingestion of ammonium sulphate by sheep and cattle. 794 Dec 72

Lumbar myelography was performed in 79 dogs either before spinal surgery or as part of an investigation of neurological disease. In small dogs the site of the puncture was between L1 and L5, avoiding the lumbosacral intumescence, whereas in large dogs the site was between T13 and L2. It was found that a lumbar puncture cranial to the lumbar intumescence was easier and caused no problems. The lumbar puncture was unsuccessful in three obese dogs. In 72 per cent of the cases the myelogram revealed a lesion, and the main cause of a non-diagnostic myelogram was epidural leakage.
Vet Rec 1997 Oct 18
PMID:Lumbar myelography in 79 dogs, using different puncture sites. 936 14

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a novel RNA virus that has only recently been characterised and classified in a new virus family, Bornaviridae. The virus was detected in buffy coat cells from four of five cats with neurological disease and in the brains of five of 15 cats with nervous signs and of one of three cats with non-neurological disease. In a serosurvey of 111 cats the incidence of antibody to BDV in cats with neurological disease was higher than in cats with other types of disease, suggesting that the virus may play a role in nervous diseases of cats in the UK.
Vet Rec 1998 Nov 07
PMID:Natural Borna disease virus infection in cats in the United Kingdom. 1009 37

The mucosa of the larynx contains one of the most dense concentrations of sensory receptors in the human body. This sensitivity is used for reflexes that protect the lungs, and even momentary loss of this function is followed rapidly by life-threatening pneumonia. The internal superior laryngeal nerve (ISLN) supplies the innervation to this area, and, to date, the distribution and branching pattern of this nerve is unknown. Five adult human larynges were processed by using Sihler's stain, a technique that clears soft tissue while counterstaining nerves. The whole-mount specimens were then dissected to demonstrate the branching of the ISLN from its main trunk down to the level of terminal axons. The human ISLN is divided into three divisions: The superior division supplies mainly the mucosa of the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis; the middle division supplies the mucosa of the true and false vocal folds and the aryepiglottic fold; and the inferior division supplies the mucosa of the arytenoid region, subglottis, anterior wall of the hypopharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. Several dense sensory plexi that cross the midline were seen on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis and arytenoid region. The human ISLN also appears to supply motor innervation to the interarytenoid (IA) muscle. A detailed map is presented of the distribution of the ISLN within the human larynx. The areas seen to receive the greatest innervation are the same areas that have been shown by physiological experiments to be the most sensate: the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis, the false and true vocal folds, and the arytenoid region. The observation that the human ISLN appears to supply motor innervation to the IA muscle is contrary to current concepts of the ISLN as a purely sensory nerve. These findings are relevant to understanding how the laryngeal protective reflexes work during activities like swallowing. The nerve maps can be used to guide surgical attempts to reinnervate the laryngeal mucosa when sensation is lost due to neurological disease.
Anat Rec 1998 12
PMID:Anatomy of the human internal superior laryngeal nerve. 984 15

Recombinant p40 produced by baculovirus was used in an ELISA to screen samples of serum taken from 80 cats in Istanbul. The sera were also analysed for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Antibodies to Borna disease virus- (BDV) p40 were detected in 34 (42-5 per cent) of the 80 cats. Seventy-three per cent of the sera which were positive for FIV and 26 per cent of the sera which were negative for FIV had antibodies to BDV. There was no difference in the percentage of sera which were positive for BDV between the cats that were positive or negative for FeLV. Three of the cats had neurological disease and two of these had antibodies to BDV. Six sera with low, medium or high optical densities (ODS) by ELISA were analysed by Western blotting. Only the sera with medium and high ODS reacted specifically with p40 at a dilution of 1 in 1,000.
Vet Rec 2001 Nov 24
PMID:Detection of antibodies to Borna disease virus in Turkish cats by using recombinant p40. 1176 26


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