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The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS) and minimum mycoplasmacidal concentrations (MMCs) of danofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin and tilmicosin against 62 recent British field isolates of Mycoplasma bovis were determined in vitro by a broth microdilution method. The isolates were most susceptible todanofloxacin with MIC90 and MMC90 values of 0.5 microg/ml and 1.0 microg/ml, respectively. They were less susceptible to florfenicol with a MIC90 of 16 microg/ml and MMC90 of 32 microg/ml. Oxytetracycline and spectinomycin had only a limited effect against the majority of isolates tested with MIC50s of 32 microg/ml and 4 microg/ml, respectively and MIC90s of 64 microg/ml and more than 128 microg/ml, respectively. Nearly 20 per cent of the isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, and tilmicosin was ineffective, with 92 per cent of the isolates having MIC values of 128 microg/ml or greater. There was no evidence of resistance by M bovis to danofloxacin.
Vet Rec 2000 Jun 24
PMID:Comparison of in vitro activity of danofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin and tilmicosin against recent field isolates of Mycoplasma bovis. 1090 6

After several thousand sheep had been imported from Australia and New Zealand to Croatia during 1995, many native sheep that had been in contact with the imported animals acquired a severe ocular disease closely resembling infectious keratoconjunctivitis. In affected flocks glucose-fermenting mycoplasma were isolated from 48 per cent of conjunctival swabs and Branhamella ovis from 58 per cent. Twelve of 42 culturally and biochemically identical isolates were identified as Mycoplasma conjunctivae by polymerase chain reaction. From the conjunctivae of two animals M conjunctivae and M arginini were isolated in mixed culture. For many reasons most farmers removed the imported animals from their flocks and only sporadic cases of the disease were recognised in 1996. At the end of 1997, six flocks which were clinically free of the disease but had been affected during 1995, and five flocks with no history of the severe ocular disease were examined clinically and microbiologically, and were found to be free of M conjunctivae infection. At the time, B ovis was cultured almost exclusively from sheep originating from flocks which had been affected during 1995 and/or 1996. It was usually isolated in pure culture or as the predominant bacterial species, and was often accompanied by mild conjunctivitis. There were no microbiologically confirmed new cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis during 1998 and 1999.
Vet Rec 2000 Jul 15
PMID:Epidemiological and microbiological study of an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep. 1095 88

Mycoplasma bovis was detected in 134 (18 per cent) of 736 samples of bovine lung tissue collected from fatal pneumonia cases in the Republic of Ireland between April 1995 and December 1998. The cases occurred in 95 herds and recurred in four of them. Other respiratory pathogens were identified in 66 per cent of the M bovis-positive cases, with Pasteurella species, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 virus being most frequently detected. Mastitis and arthritis were less common clinical signs associated with M bovis infection; 22 cases of M bovis mastitis and five cases of M bovis arthritis were diagnosed in five herds.
Vet Rec 2001 Mar 17
PMID:Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine clinical samples in the Republic of Ireland. 1131 91

In a blind trial, alternate calves in six consecutive production batches of calves (total 70), on a farm with a high incidence of respiratory and reproductive disease, were allocated to treatment with either valnemulin or a placebo premix added to the milk from four days of age. The calves were weighed at the beginning and end of a 21-day period of medication. Blood samples and nasal swabs were taken and examined for the presence of Mycoplasma and Pasteurella species, and antibodies to viral agents. Clinical condition, rectal temperature, respiratory and other signs and refusals of milk were recorded daily. Dead calves were examined postmortem. The calves medicated with valnemulin gained weight more quickly, had fewer cases of Mycoplasma infection and fewer respiratory signs, and required fewer treatments with antibiotics than those in the placebo group.
Vet Rec 2001 Mar 31
PMID:Use of valnemulin in the control of Mycoplasma bovis infection under field conditions. 1132 46

An accidental infection from a vaccine was suggested as the explanation for the sudden increase in outbreaks of scrapie in Italy in 1997 and 1998. This paper describes a recent outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats which were exposed to the same vaccine. No ewes or goats had been imported into the herd since 1992, but a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae had been administered twice, in 1995 and 1997. High rates of crude mortality and scrapie incidence were experienced by both species, all birth cohorts were involved and a large proportion of aged animals was affected. A pattern of brain lesions was observed, with slight differences between the sheep and goats, which was very similar to the pattern observed in animals previously exposed to the same vaccine but clearly different from that observed in the brains of sheep with scrapie in a flock not exposed to the vaccine. Regardless of their exposure status, genotype analysis of the sheep showed the presence of polymorphism only at codon 171. The patterns of both incidence and brain lesions provide evidence that the epidemic of scrapie was due to the use of the vaccine.
Vet Rec 2001 Apr 28
PMID:Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae. 1135 46

Cattle from several farms in Hungary were investigated for the presence of mycoplasmal infections after the discovery of pulmonary lesions in some animals at slaughter. The pneumonic lesions, which resembled those of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) macroscopically and histologically were found to be caused by Mycoplasma bovis and not Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (MmmSC) which is the causative agent of CBPP. No other bacterial pathogens were isolated. Negative results in complement fixation tests also showed that there was no serological evidence of CBPP. PCR tests for the detection of the M mycoides cluster and specifically for MmmSC were also negative. However, PCR and bacteriological culture detected cases of M bovis and the pneumonias may therefore be attributed to this mycoplasma.
Vet Rec 2001 Jun 16
PMID:Confirmation of the presence of Mycoplasma bovis in Hungarian cattle with pneumonia resembling pleuropneumonia. 1144 32

The aim of this study was to establish whether enzootic pneumonia could be induced reliably in piglets by administering an aerosolised culture of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Groups of five M hyopneumoniaefree Landrace x Large White piglets weaned at 11 to 14 days of age were exposed to aerosols of in vitro cultures of a virulent strain of M hyopneumoniae. In three separate trials, 14 of 15 pigs exposed to the bacteria developed pneumonia, but pigs exposed to the culture medium alone did not develop the disease. Lung pathology, both gross and histological, indicated acute disease. Ten of the pigs were tested for seroconversion by Western blot and they were all positive. The growth rates of the infected pigs were significantly reduced and the water consumption of the infected groups was also depressed. M hyopneumoniae was recovered from eight of the 15 infected pigs.
Vet Rec 2002 Jan 05
PMID:Induction of enzootic pneumonia in pigs by the administration of an aerosol of in vitro-cultured Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. 1181 68

The prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis infection in France was assessed by means of a serological survey of suckling beef cattle, using an ELISA. The survey included 824 randomly selected herds in eight French counties and a total of 32,197 animals more than one year old. In each county, the number of herds tested was determined statistically on the basis of the hypothesis that about 40 per cent of herds are infected. The proportion of herds containing at least one infected animal ranged from 28 to 90 per cent depending on the county. Among the 32,197 sera tested, the animal infection rate ranged between 2 per cent and 13 per cent. In infected herds, the average number of positive animals per herd was between 10 and 20 per cent, and the infection was unevenly distributed among the areas tested.
Vet Rec 2002 Mar 02
PMID:Serological prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis infection in suckling beef cattle in France. 1191 48

In a case-control study of the infectious agents associated with natural outbreaks of respiratory disease in pheasants, 28 batches of birds from sites affected by disease and eight batches of birds from unaffected sites were examined by six veterinary laboratories in England, Wales and Scotland, and tested for mycoplasmas, other bacteria and viruses. Sinusitis was the commonest sign of disease and was associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as detected by PCR in the trachea (P < 0.05) and conjunctiva (P < 0.01). Sinusitis was also associated with pasteurella cultured from the sinus (P < 0.05), antibody to avian pneumovirus (APV) (P < 0.01) and avian coronaviruses as detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR (P < 0.05); there was no association between disease and APV as detected by PCR. Avian coronaviruses were the most common infectious agents detected. They were genetically close to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) but differed in their gene sequence from all the serotypes of IBV previously identified in domestic fowl, and serological tests with six known IBV types showed little cross reactivity. Mycoplasma species other than M gallisepticum were cultured in 18 batches of pheasants but, with the exception of Mycoplasma gallinaceum, were not associated with disease.
Vet Rec 2002 May 25
PMID:Infectious agents associated with respiratory disease in pheasants. 1205 35

A herd of pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was used in a double-blind randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of three control strategies against chronic respiratory disease in growing-finishing pigs. One group of 61 pigs received 220 ppm lincomycin hydrochloride in the feed from day 71 to day 91, a second group was vaccinated against M. hyopneumoniae at four and 28 days of age, and a third group received both treatments; a fourth group was left untreated as a control. Throughout the nursery-finishing period (day 29 to slaughter) the average daily weight gain and feed conversion rate of all the treated groups were slightly better than in the controls, but there were no significant differences between them. There were no significant differences between the treated groups in terms of clinical signs, serology, pathology or mortality, which was very low throughout the trial.
Vet Rec 2002 Aug 03
PMID:Effectiveness of treatment with lincomycin hydrochloride and/or vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae for controlling chronic respiratory disease in a herd of pigs. 1219 31


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