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A field trial was conducted to assess the value of medicated early weaning for obtaining pigs free from some of the pathogens endemic in their herd of origin. The trial comprised 51 sows from a closed herd, which were farrowed in an isolated farrowing house in seven separate groups. The sows in each group were bred at the same time and induced to farrow on the same day. Their thriftiest piglets were weaned at five days of age and moved to an isolated early-weaning unit. At about six weeks of age they were moved to one of three isolated grow-out units where they were held to slaughter weight. Sows in five of the groups were dosed with high levels of tiamulin and trimethoprim-sulphonamide preparations from their entry into the farrowing house until their biggest piglets were weaned. Their piglets were dosed with similar drugs from birth until 10 days of age. The first and seventh groups of sows and their litters were not medicated. Tests were carried out on pigs aged five to 11 weeks, on slaughter pigs, and on pigs which died or were killed at different ages, for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica and colonic treponemes, which were readily detectable in the herd of origin. No evidence could be found of mycoplasma or bordetella. Colonic treponemes were recovered from some of the pigs at slaughter, but not from younger pigs. Thirty-seven boars and gilts from the medicated groups were introduced into 11 herds thought to be free of enzootic pneumonia and 13 were introduced into three herds which had enzootic pneumonia. No subsequent signs of enzootic pneumonia were noted in 10 of the enzootic pneumonia-free herds.
Vet Rec 1980 Feb 09
PMID:Medicated early weaning to obtain pigs free from pathogens endemic in the herd of origin. 744 26

The effectiveness of orally administered tylosin tartrate for the control of naturally occurring pneumonia was determined in 287 neonatal calves. Tylosin tartrate was mixed with reconstituted milk replacer at the time of feeding. Daily doses of 1.0 g (0.5 g BID), 2.0 g (1.0 g BID) and 4.0 g (2.0 g BID) were evaluated for periods ranging from seven to 28 days. Tylosin at the optimum dose of 2.0 g daily reduced mortality to 12 out of 95 (12.6 per cent) compared to 38 out of 89 (42.7 per cent) in the non-medicated control calves. The 1.0 g daily dose did not reduce mortality. The number of calves with moderate to severe lung lesions was also reduced by treatment at 2.0 g daily to 13 out of 95 (13.7 per cent) compared to 45 out of 89 (50.6 per cent) in the control group. All dose levels had a similar effect in reducing the severity of clinical signs indicative of respiratory disease. Tylosin treatment at all dose levels reduced the number of Pasteurella multocida isolations from lung tissue to 15/146 (10.3 per cent) compared to 61/141 (43.3 per cent) for the controls. However, there were no differences between treated and controls in the number of P haemolytica isolations. The frequency of mycoplasma isolations from lung tissue were reduced significantly by tylosin treatment at the 4.0 g and 2.0 g dose levels to 36/93 (38.7 per cent) compared to 61/86 (70.9 per cent) for the control calves.
Vet Rec 1980 Aug 16
PMID:Orally administered tylosin for the control of pneumonia in neonatal calves. 744 93

In recent outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Britain a proportion of the animals affected developed a severe clinical disease characterised, at necropsy, by widespread damage to the respiratory tract. They had necrotising rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis with extensive pseudomembrane formation and severe pneumonia with or without interstitial emphysema. Renal infarction was seen in approximatley half of the cases. The central nervous system was not affected in any of the 25 animals with severe IBR examined in this study. Tissues from the respiratory tract of 14 animals were examined for the presence of bovine herpesvirus 1 and the virus was isolated from the nasal passages of 11 and the lungs of four. Mycoplasma bovis was frequently isolated in large numbers from both the upper and lower respiratory tract.
Vet Rec 1980 Nov 08
PMID:The pathological features of severe cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. 745 96

The aim of this study was to control endemic contagious agalactia due to Mycoplasma agalactiae in a semi-extensive goat herd by means of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine. Groups of 400 goats were vaccinated one month before and three months after parturition (group A), one month before and four months after parturition (group B), and two months and one month before and three months after parturition (group C). The experiment continued over six lactations and natural infections were monitored clinically, immunologically and microbiologically. After the sixth lactation there were no significant clinical differences between these two groups and group C. The levels of growth-inhibiting antibodies ranged from 1:20 to 1:80 in groups A and B and from 1:40 to 1:160 in group C. The numbers of goats excreting mycoplasmas decreased to a greater extent in group C than in groups A and B. A natural infection induced an outbreak of contagious agalactia in group B. An experimental infection with 10(6) cfe affected seven of 10 goats in group A (two seriously) and two goats in group C moderately. It is recommended that three doses of vaccine should be administered before, and one dose after each parturition, and that the herd should be kept isolated in order to control the disease.
Vet Rec 1995 Sep 09
PMID:Immunoprophylaxis of caprine contagious agalactia due to Mycoplasma agalactiae with an inactivated vaccine. 750 65

Fifteen two- to three-week-old kids, fed artificially with goats' milk from a dairy, were found to have polyarthritis. The most affected joints were the carpals, either unilaterally or bilaterally, and in some cases the tarsal joints. Mycoplasma putrefaciens was isolated from the joints which showed an acute fibrinopurulent arthritis. No clinical mastitis was detected in the dairy.
Vet Rec 1994 Oct 22
PMID:Polyarthritis in kids associated with Mycoplasma putrefaciens. 785 32

A previously described mouse monoclonal antibody (WM25), directed against the caprine pathogenic mycoplasma strain F38 (Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae), was further examined for its diagnostic efficacy in serological tests against various isolates of this group and of each of the five other 'M mycoides cluster' groups (M mycoides subspecies mycoides, small colony (SC) and large colony (LC) biotypes, M mycoides subspecies capri, M capricolum subspecies capricolum and bovine group 7) and M agalactiae. The methods used were the conventional disc-growth inhibition and colony-immunofluorescence techniques. The same strains were also tested against polyclonal rabbit antisera for each mycoplasmal group. With the polyclonal antisera, many cross reactions occurred between members of the different groups. The two F38-polyclonals gave cross reactions only against various M capricolum subspecies capricolum and bovine group 7 strains, apart from one of M mycoides SC in the immunofluorescence test only. The F38 monoclonal antibody gave more specific results, in that only the F38-type strains (M capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae) and three of the four bovine group 7 strains reacted positively in growth inhibition tests; the only heterologous reaction by colony immunofluorescence was with one M capricolum subspecies capricolum strain. The F38 monoclonal antibody, WM25, may therefore be useful for the specific serological identification of caprine F38-type isolates by the disc-growth inhibition method, which will exclude M agalactiae, M capricolum subspecies capricolum and the other members of the 'M mycoides cluster' associated with goats, but not bovine group 7 (which is not found in goats), which can be excluded by colony immunofluorescence tests.
Vet Rec 1994 Jun 18
PMID:Serological specificity of a monoclonal antibody to Mycoplasma capricolum strain F38, the agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. 797 56

The cells present in the conjunctival sacs of 142 healthy sheep and 87 sheep with ovine keratoconjunctivitis were examined. The most numerous cells in the healthy conjunctival sacs were epithelial cells and occasionally lymphocytes; neutrophils were rarely present. Ovine keratoconjunctivitis was characterised by a rapid onset of acute inflammation of the conjunctiva, followed by hyperaemia of the sclera and pannus, and opacity of the cornea. The most numerous cells in the acute phase were neutrophils, and the presence of plasma cells was also suspected. The use of cytological methods to aid the detection of Mycoplasma conjunctivae, the organism most commonly isolated from cases of ovine keratoconjunctivitis in Britain are discussed.
Vet Rec 1994 Aug 06
PMID:Use of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of ovine keratoconjunctivitis. 797 4

The prophylactic effect of in-feed medication with oxytetracycline was tested by using an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae aerosol challenge model. Groups of 10 conventional pigs were provided with feed containing 400, 800, 1200 or 1600 mg oxytetracycline/kg and fed ad libitum. After six days of medication the pigs were challenged and clinical signs were recorded. Two groups of four unmedicated pigs served as controls and were euthanased 36 to 48 hours after challenge and dissected. The feed medication was continued for nine days after the challenge, and the different treatment groups were then moved to separate accommodation where they were mixed with seronegative tracer pigs. The steady state concentrations of oxytetracycline in the pigs' serum after six days medication with feed containing 400, 800, 1200 or 1600 mg oxytetracycline/kg ranged from 0.07 to 0.13, 0.21 to 0.46, 0.27 to 0.46 and 0.35 to 0.56 microgram/ml, respectively. One of the eight unmedicated control pigs died, and the other seven showed signs of pleuropneumonia post mortem. Medication with feed containing 400 mg and 800 mg oxytetracycline/kg failed to prevent pleuropneumonia in the challenged pigs, and the mortality rates in these groups were two out of 10 and one out of nine pigs, respectively. All the pigs given feed containing 1200 and 1600 mg oxytetracycline/kg survived and only two of the pigs in the first treatment group showed mild clinical signs. No clinical signs were observed in the tracer pigs which were mixed with the pigs medicated with 400, 800 or 1200 mg oxytetracycline/kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1994 Feb 26
PMID:Prophylaxis of pleuropneumonia in pigs by in-feed medication with oxytetracycline and the subsequent transmission of infection. 817 9

Seventy-one isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from the lungs of pigs in outbreaks of pleuropneumonia in Spain were serotyped by indirect haemagglutination. Serotype 4 (42.2 per cent), serotype 7 (22.5 per cent) and serotype 2 (12.8 per cent) were predominant, whereas serotypes 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12 and untypable isolates were present only in small numbers. Serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 7 originated mainly from cases of acute pleuropneumonia, whereas serotypes 3, 6, 8, 9 and 12 were associated with chronically infected herds. The susceptibility of the isolates to 20 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar disc diffusion. Most were susceptible to cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefazolin, kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, oxolinic acid, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, thiamphenicol, colistin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. Marked resistance was found with amoxicillin, ticarcillin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and metronidazole. Rifampicin, fosfomycin and tiamulin were the agents most effective against the isolates tested.
Vet Rec 1995 Jul 15
PMID:Serological characterisation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pigs in Spain. 853 33

Western and dot blotting techniques were compared with complement fixation tests (CFT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mycoplasma culture and gross lung pathology to detect Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), in two groups of Italian cattle. None of the animals showed any clinical signs before slaughter. In group A, seven of the 20 cattle had characteristic lung lesions of acute and chronic CBPP but only six were positive by CFT. Western blotting detected antibody in eight of the animals, of which six had lesions and significant CFT titres (> 50 per cent fixation at a serum dilution of 1/10) and two had neither. In group B, seven of the 17 cattle had lesions characteristic of CBPP, and 12 were seropositive by CFT. Western blotting detected antibody in 13 of the animals including one which had a negative CFT titre. The ELISA was less sensitive than either CFT or Western blotting, detecting antibody in five animals in group A and nine animals in group B. The dot blotting test correlated well with Western blotting but gave a small number of ambiguous results. The causative organism was isolated from four of the 20 cattle in group A and six of the 17 cattle in group B.
Vet Rec 1996 Jul 27
PMID:A comparison of serological tests and gross lung pathology for detecting contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in two groups of Italian cattle. 884 40


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