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An increase in deaths in calves from respiratory disease from an average of 9.7 per year to 36.5 per year corresponded with the isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from the lungs. It is suggested that this mycoplasma enhanced the severity of the disease which was normally present on the farm. The characteristic microscopic lesion and demonstration of M bovis by immunoperoxidase labelling could be useful aids to diagnosis.
Vet Rec 1989 Apr 22
PMID:Increased severity of calf pneumonia associated with the appearance of Mycoplasma bovis in a rearing herd. 275 19

A quadrivalent vaccine containing the killed antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus type 3, Mycoplasma dispar and M bovis, emulsified with an oil adjuvant, was tested for efficacy against naturally occurring calf respiratory disease. Three batches of beef cattle aged 12, seven and three weeks at the time of first vaccination were used. Within each batch of approximately 100 animals, half were vaccinated subcutaneously on three occasions, three weeks apart and half served as unvaccinated controls. Over the trial period, from November 1981 to May 1982, 27 per cent of the control calves were treated for respiratory disease compared with 16.3 per cent of the vaccinated animals. This reduction of non-fatal disease in the vaccinated animals represented a protection rate of almost 40 per cent and was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Mortality was also reduced from 3.4 per cent in the control calves to 1.9 per cent in the vaccinated animals but this difference was not statistically significant. During a major outbreak of disease associated with respiratory syncytial virus, the protection rate increased to 69 per cent (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, in the batch of cattle aged seven weeks at first vaccination there was significantly less pneumonic consolidation at death in the vaccinated animals than in the control animals (P less than 0.05).
Vet Rec 1987 Oct 10
PMID:Field trial of a quadrivalent vaccine against calf respiratory disease. 282 97

A field trial to assess the ability of two vaccines to protect calves against respiratory disease was carried out on a large beef rearing unit in southern England over the two winters of 1983 to 1984 and 1984 to 1985. A quadrivalent vaccine containing the killed antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus type 3, Mycoplasma bovis and M dispar or a vaccine containing only the respiratory syncytial virus component were inoculated into 246 and 245 calves, respectively; 245 calves remained as unvaccinated controls. The calves were reared in seven batches and outbreaks of disease occurred in five; significant protection was achieved in the four batches in which disease was associated with respiratory syncytial virus and M bovis infection, together or independently. The death rate from pneumonia was 9 per cent in the control group, 2 per cent in the calves inoculated with the quadrivalent vaccine (P less than 0.001), a protection rate of 77 per cent, and 3 per cent in the calves inoculated with the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (P less than 0.01), a protection rate of 68 per cent. The proportion of calves receiving treatment for respiratory disease was 38 per cent in the control group, 25 per cent in the calves inoculated with the quadrivalent vaccine (P less than 0.001) and 27 per cent in the calves inoculated with the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (P less than 0.01). The results show that protection against respiratory disease can be achieved by parenteral vaccination of calves with the appropriate inactivated microorganisms.
Vet Rec 1987 Oct 17
PMID:Protection against respiratory disease in calves induced by vaccines containing respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza type 3 virus, Mycoplasma bovis and M dispar. 282 66

A goat herd severely affected by arthritis was studied. The most representative clinical signs consisted of articular swelling, mainly of the carpal joints, and the subsequent locomotor disorders. Some goats also showed signs of central nervous system involvement. Examinations of joint fluid revealed an increased number of mononuclear blood cells, mostly lymphocytes. Gross and microscopic articular lesions were of inflammatory and degenerative types. Periarticular connective tissue, synovial bursae, tendons and tendon sheaths were predominantly affected. Inflammatory lesions were those of a chronic hyperplastic tenosynovitis with fibrosis of the connective tissue components. Degenerative changes consisted mainly of necrosis and mineralisation of articular-related structures. Histological lesions in the central nervous system were those of a nonpurulent encephalitis initially located in periventricular areas, but in one case extensive encephalomalacia was also seen. Of the 80 animals sampled 82.5 per cent showed seropositive reactions against an ovine progressive pneumonia virus antigen. None was seropositive to brucella and titres to chlamydia were low. Attempts to isolate chlamydia and mycoplasma from affected joints and several organs failed. Different bacteria were recovered from a few samples but did not seem significant. Syncytium-forming viral particles were isolated from several organs, mainly the lungs, synovial membranes and lymphoid tissue of almost all the slaughtered animals. These particles were identified as lentiviruses by electron microscopy. The clinical signs, lesions serological results and microbiological findings, led to a diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. This syndrome has not been recognised in Spain previously.
Vet Rec 1987 Jan 31
PMID:Caprine arthritis-encephalitis in the Basque country, Spain. 303 62

The effect of enrofloxacin therapy was investigated in 110 male double-muscled cattle weighing 275 +/- 3 kg, during a spontaneous outbreak of shipping fever occurring 11 +/- 2 days after they arrived in the feedlot. Forty-six diseased animals were divided randomly into three groups A, B and C, containing 17, 19 and 10 animals, respectively; the animals in group A were injected intramuscularly once daily for three consecutive days with 2.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin, those in group B with 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin and those in group C with 10 mg/kg of oxytetracycline. Clinical, serological, production and respiratory functional observations were recorded. The animals were clinically cured after the three day treatment except for three in group A and two in group C. These five animals made a clinical recovery after a three day booster treatment with a dose of 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin. The changes in respiratory gas exchange values induced by shipping fever were completely reversed 15 days later, suggesting that there had been no irreversible lung damage. The daily weight gains and the arterial blood gas values of the three groups of treated cattle were not significantly different. The high efficacy of the low dosage of enrofloxacin in this clinical syndrome may be explained by its antibacterial activity against Pasteurella species and Mycoplasma species. This field trial supports the in vitro studies which suggested than enrofloxacin is an appropriate therapy in cases of shipping fever.
Vet Rec 1988 Aug 20
PMID:Effect of enrofloxacin therapy on shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. 305 42

In the light of the recent outbreaks of rinderpest in Africa a further assessment of the efficacy of the simultaneous inoculation of rinderpest virus vaccine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine was undertaken. Groups of cattle were inoculated with a dual preparation of rinderpest vaccine virus and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides or M mycoides alone. These groups were then challenged with M mycoides, first unsuccessfully by an in-contact challenge method and then by subcutaneous challenge. All animals were examined clinically after challenge for evidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and serologically for rinderpest virus and M mycoides mycoides antibodies. There was no evidence that the serological response to the dual vaccine was in any way less than that to either agent given alone and no clinical disease was detected in these animals after in-contact challenge. However, after subcutaneous challenge, the dual vaccinated groups reacted similarly to an unvaccinated control group and unlike the group vaccinated only with M mycoides. This would indicate that the rinderpest virus component of the dual vaccine interfered with the ability of the M mycoides component to induce a fully effective immune response. In the pan African rinderpest campaign the use of the dual vaccine in areas where contagious bovine pleuropneumonia occurs should be carefully considered; in areas where the disease does not occur it is contraindicated.
Vet Rec 1987 Feb 07
PMID:A reassessment of the dual vaccine against rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. 330 10

Keratoconjunctivitis affected many ewes on a large, experimental husbandry, hill farm in early and midwinter in two consecutive years. Small sporadic outbreaks occurred among ewes during the following winters and among ewes and lambs in the summer and autumn. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from affected sheep. Keratoconjunctivitis had not been recognised on the farm before and the infection was probably introduced with purchased rams. Prompt treatment prevented blindness; a single application of aureomycin topical powder with an intramuscular injection of a long acting oxytetracycline was an effective clinical treatment. Prophylactic treatments with aureomycin powder did not prevent the spread of the disease. The outbreak appeared to have no effect on the weaning percentage and blackface and Cheviot ewes were equally susceptible.
Vet Rec 1988 Jan 09
PMID:Keratoconjunctivitis in a hill sheep flock. 336 25

A two-year longitudinal, microbiological and pathological survey of respiratory disease in lambs housed for fattening at three-and-a-half to four months of age was undertaken. In the first year samples of nasal mucus and blood were taken from lambs each week for the first nine weeks after entry to a fattening unit and each week one lamb was examined post mortem. In the second year two additional fattening units were included in the survey, when samples of blood and nasal mucus were taken from lambs twice weekly for three weeks after entry and two lambs from each unit were examined post mortem eight to 11 days after entry to the unit. In both years the lambs had a nasal discharge and were coughing. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica were the organisms most consistently isolated from the lungs, trachea and nasal mucus. Mycoplasma arginini and parainfluenza-3 virus were also isolated. Post mortem examination lesions of atypical, pasteurella-type and parasitic pneumonias were seen. In the second year an abattoir survey of pneumonia lesions was undertaken. Areas of pulmonary consolidation were seen in 27.5 per cent, bands of consolidation in 47.5 per cent and muellerius-type lesions in 28 per cent of the lungs examined. No significant correlation was found between the slaughter weights of the lambs and the extent of the lung lesions at slaughter.
Vet Rec 1988 Feb 27
PMID:Infectious agents in respiratory disease of housed, fattening lambs in Northern Ireland. 338 63

In a survey of 332 fresh and 137 processed bovine semen samples and 25 preputial washes, mycoplasmas and, or, ureaplasmas were isolated from 46 per cent, 31 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively. Intermittent isolation from different semen collections from the same bull indicated that at least three collections per bull were necessary to determine whether infection was present. When stored processed samples were examined Mycoplasma canadense and M bovigenitalium were isolated from straws taken as long ago as 1975. Addition of lincomycin and spectinomycin to the semen extender eliminated the isolation of mycoplasmas and reduced the rate of isolation of ureaplasmas.
Vet Rec 1987 Oct 03
PMID:Isolation of mycoplasmas from bovine semen in Northern Ireland. 342 85

An acute outbreak of mastitis and arthritis in a herd of 700 goats required the destruction of all but the few animals that were held for observation. The milk of nearly all of about 400 lactating does contained almost pure cultures of Mycoplasma putrefaciens with counts in 150 samples up to 1 X 10(9) colony forming units/ml. At post mortem examination the joints of both the adults and kids contained a fibrinopurulent discharge. M putrefaciens was isolated in pure cultures and large numbers from joints, tissues and fluid not previously known to harbour this mycoplasma: brain, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, uterus and urine. The outbreak was milkborne and initiated by infusion of the pathogen into the teat canal by poor hygiene in the milking parlour and by feeding raw colostrum to kids. All but 12 of the herd of 700 goats were killed or sold for slaughter.
Vet Rec 1987 Apr 25
PMID:Caprine mycoplasmosis: an outbreak of mastitis and arthritis requiring the destruction of 700 goats. 360 72


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