Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A three-year survey to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis and the associated bacteria in dairy herds in England and Wales is described. Escherichia coli was the predominant organism in each year. Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus were important for part for each year. The annual incidence of mastitis declined from 54.6 cases per 100 cows in 1980 to 41.2 in 1982. The incidence increased with age and declined with increasing herd size. The culling rate due solely to mastitis was 3 per cent. Strep uberis was the pathogen most frequently isolated from clinical cases which occurred in the dry period. Thirty per cent of all cases recurred at least once and staphylococcal cases exhibited the highest frequency of recurrence.
Vet Rec 1986 Feb 22
PMID:Incidence of clinical mastitis in a cohort of British dairy herds. 352 Oct 59

Epidemiological features of clinical mastitis in dry cows from a three year prospective study are described. Two hundred and seventy-three herds in England and Wales participated in the first year (1980) and 209 and 159 of them continued in the study in the subsequent two years. Clinical mastitis was recorded in 1.5 per cent of cows during the dry period in each of the three years. These cases represented between 3.6 and 4.2 per cent of samples from all clinical cases examined. The incidence of clinical mastitis in dry cows increased during the winter housing period (October to March), a peak occurring at the end of this period. A secondary peak in incidence was recorded in August. Streptococcus uberis was the predominant pathogen. Variations in the monthly incidences of cases associated with the major mastitis pathogens were observed. A greater proportion of cases which occurred during the dry period exhibited systemic signs than of cases which occurred during lactation, with the exception of cases associated with Escherichia coli. The risk of clinical mastitis was apparently higher during the last 30 days of the dry period than during the earlier stages of the dry period.
Vet Rec 1986 May 17
PMID:Observations on the incidence of clinical bovine mastitis in non-lactating cows in England and Wales. 352 59

The pharmacokinetic and microbiological properties of a new third generation cephalosporin, cefoperazone, when given by the intramammary route to the cow are described. Cefoperazone is excreted from the udder over a three- to five-day period following a single infusion of 250 mg in an oil base into each of all four quarters. By the fifth milking after treatment the mean bucket (composite) concentration of cefoperazone was below 0.01 microgram/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for 470 pathogens isolated from cases of mastitis were determined. A few exotic species were resistant but all the usual isolates were sensitive. No signs of transferable drug resistance from known multiple drug-resistant strains were detected.
Vet Rec 1986 May 31
PMID:Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in the cow by the intramammary route and its effect on mastitis pathogens in vitro. 352 61

High milk yield, low milk fat and low milk protein were considered as possible predisposing factors to bovine Escherichia coli mastitis. Morning and afternoon milk yields were recorded in 46 Friesian cows later developing E coli mastitis and compared with 92 uninfected controls. Animals developing E coli mastitis gave a significantly higher milk yield than controls. The overall morning: afternoon ratio was (mean +/- se) 1.66 +/- 0.41, with no difference in ratio for the two groups. Further studies on 85 animals later developing E coli mastitis, and 192 controls, in four Friesian herds did not reveal differences in milk fat content (except as related to yield), milk protein or in the interrelationship of days of lactation, milk protein or in the interrelationship of days of lactation, milk fat and milk protein in the two groups. Again there was a correlation between high milk yield and a tendency to develop E coli mastitis but this may have been an age effect in both investigations. No correlation between milk yield and mastitis severity was detected. High yielders which succumbed to E coli mastitis in three herds were producing less milk than mastitis-free controls in the fourth herd which suggests that the correlation is not with yield per se.
Vet Rec 1986 Sep 27
PMID:Cow milk yield and composition before development of Escherichia coli mastitis. 353 30

An acute outbreak of mastitis and arthritis in a herd of 700 goats required the destruction of all but the few animals that were held for observation. The milk of nearly all of about 400 lactating does contained almost pure cultures of Mycoplasma putrefaciens with counts in 150 samples up to 1 X 10(9) colony forming units/ml. At post mortem examination the joints of both the adults and kids contained a fibrinopurulent discharge. M putrefaciens was isolated in pure cultures and large numbers from joints, tissues and fluid not previously known to harbour this mycoplasma: brain, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, uterus and urine. The outbreak was milkborne and initiated by infusion of the pathogen into the teat canal by poor hygiene in the milking parlour and by feeding raw colostrum to kids. All but 12 of the herd of 700 goats were killed or sold for slaughter.
Vet Rec 1987 Apr 25
PMID:Caprine mycoplasmosis: an outbreak of mastitis and arthritis requiring the destruction of 700 goats. 360 72

The multivalve or ball claw was developed to prevent the detrimental effects on udder disease from both 'impacts' and 'cross contamination' during machine milking. Air-bleeds were fitted to the short milk tubes to achieve a milking action similar to conventional machines and in contemporary comparisons with conventional clusters the multivalve claw reduced total new infections by 14 per cent and clinical mastitis by 25 per cent. Subsequent research revealed that exclusion of air from the multivalve claw (hydraulic milking) produced the expected flooding of the liners and a milking action that was gentler to the teats and gave advantages in terms of milking performance, reduced lipolysis and milk sensing. Although the pulsation rates and vacuum levels developed for conventional milking appear to be suitable for hydraulic milking, recent research demonstrates that there are many possibilities for modifying and controlling the operating conditions so as to improve the milking performance and the control over the forces applied to the teats. The electronic monitoring of milk components during milking and the metering of milk yield may also be made simpler.
Vet Rec 1987 Sep 12
PMID:Effect of ball-valve milking clusters on udder disease. 368 85

Five goat herds were examined to determine the prevalence and causes of subclinical mastitis and to assess the value of some laboratory tests currently used on milk samples as aids in the diagnosis of caprine mastitis. In the 170 samples taken from the pairs of mammary glands of 85 goats, the prevalence of infection in the different herds ranged from 15 per cent to 79 per cent of halves. Just over one-third (36 per cent) of all halves were infected, the organisms isolated being coagulase-negative staphylococci (80 per cent), coagulase-positive staphylococci (16 per cent), alpha-haemolytic streptococci (2 per cent) and Pasteurella haemolytica (2 per cent). Neither anaerobic organisms nor mycoplasmas were found. Tests confirmed that the coagulase-positive staphylococci were pathogens but that the coagulase-negative staphylococci rarely caused detectable disease in the caprine udder. The large between-herd variation in the geometric mean cell counts of uninfected milk samples means that somatic cell counts, the Whiteside test and the California mastitis test, are unreliable as aids in the diagnosis of caprine mastitis.
Vet Rec 1986 May 17
PMID:Prevalence, causes and laboratory diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in the goat. 372 24

Mastitis in 85 of 140 dry cows and 16 of 101 milking animals on one farm was shown to be caused by Mycoplasma californicum. The infection was eradicated from the herd over a five month period by a combined programme of identification, segregation and culling of infected animals. Some dry cows produced a self-cure, but the majority calved with nonfunctional quarters which produced very little colostrum and resulted in a high incidence of calf mortality. The source of the infection could not be established, but it was probably spread in the dry cows by the unhygienic application of long acting intramammary antibiotic therapy.
Vet Rec 1986 Oct 04
PMID:Mycoplasma californicum mastitis in the dry dairy cow. 378 92

Over a six-year period from 1979 to 1985 the incidence of mastitis among dairy herds being recorded in a veterinary practice in Gloucestershire decreased from 26.5 per cent to 19.6 per cent of cows affected each year and from 51.0 to 31.7 cases per 100 cows per year. Over the same period the rolling mean herd milk cell count fell from 346,000/ml to 243,000/ml and the usage of intramammary antibiotic tubes fell from 2.6 to 2.1 per lactating cow per year. The proportion of cases needing repeat treatments in a 12-month period also fell from 25 per cent to 10.6 per cent. Possible causes for the decrease in the incidence of mastitis are given. The cost of an average case of mastitis was estimated to be 40 pounds, and on this basis the farms involved reduced their losses from mastitis by 772 pounds per 100 cows per year, a more than 12-fold return on their investment in veterinary services.
Vet Rec 1986 Nov 29
PMID:An assessment of the economic benefits of a mastitis control scheme. 379 3

Eleven cows with a wide range of liver fat (5.7 to 51.4 per cent) at seven days post partum were experimentally infected in a single quarter with a capsular Escherichia coli at 10 days post partum. The results suggested that a fatty liver in itself does not influence the severity of mastitis. All animals had clinical mastitis 10 hours after infection but no animals became severely ill and no treatment was given. Four out of five animals in the group with less than 20.2 per cent liver fat had bacteria in their milk at 10 hours after infection but these bacteria were eliminated by 12 hours. The six animals in the group with more than 28.3 per cent fat in their liver retained viable bacteria in the udder for much longer; with two animals bacteria were shed and abnormal milk was secreted for up to four months despite antibiotic therapy.
Vet Rec 1985 Nov 23
PMID:Influence of liver fat on experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in periparturient cows. 390 15


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