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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The importance of fly infestation in the transmission of disease and in the loss of production through "fly worry" to meat and milk producing animals is reviewed. As well as being confirmed disseminators of certain enteric diseases of man, eg, cholera, salmonellosis and colienteritis, flies have also been implicated in the transmission of mastitis and certain ophthalmic infections, principally keratoconjunctivitis in cattle. "Fly worry, particularly from biting flies such as Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans, has been shown to have an adverse effect on meat and milk production since fly control greatly increases yields.
Vet Rec 1979 Oct 13
PMID:The epidemiological and economic importance of fly infestation of meat and milk producing animals in Europe. 55 24

An infectious keratoconjunctivitis occurring in goats in the Sudan is described. Experimental transmission using infective ocular discharges resulted in a conjunctivitis in young kids and a severe keratoconjunctivitis in an adult goat. A pleomorphic organism which resembled Rickettsia spp was found in conjunctival smears from naturally and experimentally infected animals. Neither Mycoplasma nor Chlamydia spp were isolated in microbiological cultures.
Vet Rec 1979 Oct 13
PMID:The aetiology of a keratoconjunctivitis occurring in goats in the Sudan. 55 26

Thelazia skrjabini and T gulosa were found in the eyes of 237 of 566 bovine heads (41.9 per cent) examined in a Surrey abattoir during 1976. The prevalence of infection increased during late June, July and August, when a new generation of worms emerged in eyes. The burden in eyes ranged from one to 170 worms, with a mean count of 10.44 +/- 3.23. Worms were found behind and in third eyelids and in the lacrimal ducts of lower eyelids, which makes their detection very difficult by clinical examination. They were significantly more common in cattle 21 to 38 months old than in those less than 21 months old. Lesions occurred in 14 of 327 (4.3 per cent) infected eyes. No worms were seen in eye washings from cattle in nine herds experiencing outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis.
Vet Rec 1978 Mar 11
PMID:A survey of thelazia worms in the eyelids of British cattle. 56 53

The clinical course of an outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis in housed lambs and their dams was followed. Signs were transient generally and became severe in only a small proportion of lambs. The outbreak became most obvious when the lambs were 46 to 55 days old, when 46.9 per cent were affected. Mycoplasma conjunctivae isolations, confirmed by comparison with the type strain by biochemical and serological reactions, increased to 62.1 per cent of all eyes swabbed, but no correlation could be demonstrated between presence of the organism and clinical status. The reasons for this are discussed. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was also recovered from the eyes of a small number of lambs. Instillation of a broth culture of M conjunctivae into the conjunctival sacs of four hoggs produced a transient keratoconjunctivitis similar to that observed in the field, but no effect was observed in animals inoculated intravenously. M conjunctivae may therefore be the aetiological agent of non-follicular infectious ovine keratoconjunctivitis, although further work in gnotobiotic or specific pathogen free lambs is required to establish the fact beyond doubt.
Vet Rec 1976 Aug 21
PMID:Mycoplasmas and ovine keratoconjunctivitis. 96

There is an increasing concern over ozone depletion and its effects on the environment and human health. However, the increase in ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) that would result from significant losses of ozone is also potentially harmful to animals. Any increase in disease in domestic species would not only have serious animal welfare implications but may also be economically important. The diseases which are likely to increase if ozone depletion continues include the squamous cell carcinomas of the exposed, non-pigmented areas of cats, cattle, sheep and horses. Uberreiter's syndrome in dogs is also associated with exposure to UV-B and may be expected to increase, as may the severity of conditions such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis (New Forest eye) in cattle. Aquaculture systems in which fish often have little or no protection by shading may also be at risk. Cataracts and skin lesions have been associated with the exposure of farmed fish to ultraviolet radiation and have resulted in significant losses.
Vet Rec 1992 Aug 08
PMID:Stratospheric ozone depletion and animal health. 152 13

Five ram-lambs were inoculated into the left conjunctival sac with the 15R isolate of Chlamydia psittaci, recovered from a sheep with keratoconjunctivitis. A sixth ram-lamb was kept in contact with them. The five lambs developed varying degrees of acute conjunctivitis and 14 days later C psittaci could be recovered from the inoculated eyes, from which Branhamella ovis was also isolated. The eyes were examined regularly for four months; C psittaci could not be re-isolated but the eyes developed varying degrees of follicular conjunctivitis. After four months the sheep were treated with corticosteroids in an attempt to reactivate a latent chlamydial infection but no chlamydiae could be isolated. Five months after the start of the experiment the six lambs were inoculated with 15R into the left conjunctival sacs. Acute conjunctivitis developed which was not as severe as after the first inoculation, but C psittaci could only be recovered from the left eyes of three sheep three days after inoculation. The eyes remained chronically affected by follicular conjunctivitis. Six months after the start of the experiment the left eyes were again inoculated with 15R; on this occasion acute conjunctivitis did not develop and chlamydiae could not be isolated. Chronic follicular conjunctivitis persisted until the experiment was terminated three months later.
Vet Rec 1990 Sep 01
PMID:Experimental conjunctival infection of lambs with a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from the eyes of a sheep naturally affected with keratoconjunctivitis. 226 Feb 64

The efficacy of an experimental slow-release formulation, containing procaine benzyl penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin, was investigated in a cross-over study with a cloxacillin eye ointment in 12 cows with clinically normal eyes. After a single topical application the therapeutic concentrations of penicillin were sustained for 48 to 92 hours and of cloxacillin for 32 to 48 hours. These long-acting ointments will simplify the successful treatment of painful eye disorders such as keratoconjunctivitis. A practical and non-irritant method for sampling tears is described.
Vet Rec 1987 Aug 08
PMID:Antibiotic levels in bovine lacrimal fluid after single application of ointments containing procaine benzyl penicillin plus dihydrostreptomycin; and benzathine cloxacillin. 244 96

In a field survey of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis, the microbiological flora of 240 clinically unaffected eyes from sheep in 10 flocks was compared with the flora of an equivalent number of clinically affected eyes from 12 natural outbreaks of the disease. Totals of 16 and 17 genera of bacteria were recovered from unaffected and affected eyes, respectively. Staphylococcus, bacillus and branhamella were isolated significantly more often than the other genera of bacteria, in both the unaffected and affected eyes (P less than 0.05). Branhamella ovis and Escherichia coli occurred more frequently in affected eyes, and Staphylococcus aureus occurred more frequently in severely than mildly affected eyes. The genera Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma were isolated from both groups, and Mycoplasma conjunctivae occurred in 92 affected eyes (38.3 per cent), and 27 unaffected eyes (11.3 per cent).
Vet Rec 1989 Sep 02
PMID:Ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: a microbiological study of clinically unaffected and affected sheep's eyes with special reference to Mycoplasma conjunctivae. 267 19

Keratoconjunctivitis affected many ewes on a large, experimental husbandry, hill farm in early and midwinter in two consecutive years. Small sporadic outbreaks occurred among ewes during the following winters and among ewes and lambs in the summer and autumn. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from affected sheep. Keratoconjunctivitis had not been recognised on the farm before and the infection was probably introduced with purchased rams. Prompt treatment prevented blindness; a single application of aureomycin topical powder with an intramuscular injection of a long acting oxytetracycline was an effective clinical treatment. Prophylactic treatments with aureomycin powder did not prevent the spread of the disease. The outbreak appeared to have no effect on the weaning percentage and blackface and Cheviot ewes were equally susceptible.
Vet Rec 1988 Jan 09
PMID:Keratoconjunctivitis in a hill sheep flock. 336 25

The bacteria and mycoplasma occurring in the eyes of normal healthy calves were monitored in three groups of animals from purchase at about one week old to slaughter at about 15 months old. Non-haemolytic Moraxella bovis, Branhamella catarrhalis and Mycoplasma bovoculi were all isolated regularly, though their seasonal occurrence varied. The significance of these findings with respect to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis is discussed.
Vet Rec 1986 Feb 22
PMID:Microbial flora of the eyes of cattle. 371 61


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