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Based on a series of 100 cases, the paper reviews the causes, diagnosis and treatment of apparent bowel obstruction in cattle with particular emphasis on non-obstructive tympanitic disorders of the intestine.
Vet Rec 1977 Aug 27
PMID:Intestinal obstruction in cattle. 33 36

This 4-year-old male child was diagnosed at birth as having several minor congenital anomalies. X-rays taken during the first year of his life showed a single, massively dilated loop of bowel in the upper abdomen, not appreciated at the time. In 1980 he was admitted to Jackson Memorial Hospital with the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. An upper gastrointestinal series showed one tremendously dilated loop of distal ileum. At laparotomy, the patient was found to have extreme segmental dilatation of one loop of distal ileum which ended abruptly; there was no evident external cause for obstruction. The resected loop contained in excess of 200 cc of watery brown liquid. The mucosal folds and underlying smooth muscle bundles, in the dilated portion only, were not arranged circumferentially but rather in a distinctive finger-print-like pattern with trifurcations, whorls, and intricate interdigitations which had probably produced contractions of a circus type rather than normal peristaltic waves. We have been able to find only three reports in the literature in which, as was the case here, the so-called "giant Meckel's diverticulum" presented as a single tremendously dilated segment of ileum, sharply demarcated at its distal end. In none of them is there any description of the orientation of muscle bundles. We believe that the abnormal arrangement of smooth muscle in the muscular coat in this specimen, and perhaps in the others, probably represents the underlying cause for the extreme localized dilatation.
Anat Rec 1981 Sep
PMID:A congenital abnormality in the arrangement of muscle bundles in a segment of the distal ileum, producing obstruction: a variant of the so-called "giant Meckel's diverticulum". 730 25

A seven-year-old standardbred gelding developed marked signs of colic associated with an acute small intestinal obstruction. Surgical exploration revealed three intramural, circumferential constricting lesions in the small intestine, the two most severe of which were in the jejunum and were resected. The horse was euthanased owing to postoperative complications. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic multifocal eosinophilic enteritis.
Vet Rec 2003 May 24
PMID:Multifocal eosinophilic enteritis associated with a small intestinal obstruction in a standardbred horse. 1279 Feb 34

Eighty-four incidents of gastric dilation (bloat) were investigated in 76 pet rabbits, and an intestinal obstruction was confirmed in 64 of them. In 49 the obstruction was due to pellets of compressed hair, in four to locust bean seeds, in five to neoplasia, in two to postspay adhesions, and in one case each to carpet fibre, tapeworm cysts, a strangulated hernia and diverticulosis. In all but four cases, the obstruction was in the small intestine. The condition affected a variety of breeds fed on a variety of diets. Radiography was a useful diagnostic tool because gas and/or fluid in the digestive tract outlined the dilated stomach and intestines. Twenty-nine of the rabbits died or were euthanased without treatment, and 40 underwent exploratory surgery; of these, 10 died during surgery, three were euthanased because of intestinal neoplasia, eight died postoperatively and 19 recovered. Fifteen rabbits in which radiography indicated that a foreign body had passed out of the small intestine did not undergo surgery; of these, 13 recovered and two died.
Vet Rec 2007 Sep 22
PMID:Gastric dilation and intestinal obstruction in 76 rabbits. 1789 Jul 69

Intestinal obstruction resulting from an intramural foreign body-associated pyogranuloma was diagnosed in four dogs. Vomiting and weight loss were the main clinical signs. On physical examination, a mass in the abdomen was detected in three dogs. Abdominal radiography demonstrated the presence of soft tissue opacity in three of the dogs and gas-filled dilated intestinal loops in all four dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography showed hyperkinetic fluid-filled dilated intestinal loops and a hypoechoic small intestinal mass in all the dogs. Exploratory coeliotomy confirmed the presence of a jejunal mass, which was removed by resection and anastomosis in all the dogs. In one of the dogs a linear foreign body was also found cranial to the mass and was removed through a separate enterotomy incision. The lesions were diagnosed as foreign body-associated intestinal pyogranulomas on histological examination. Three dogs recovered without complications, but the fourth showed signs of septic peritonitis four days after surgery and was euthanased at the owner's request. The other three dogs remained disease-free 12 to 42 months after surgery.
Vet Rec 2010 Apr 17
PMID:Foreign body-associated intestinal pyogranuloma resulting in intestinal obstruction in four dogs. 2040 Jul 41

Blood glucose was measured with a portable glucose meter in 907 rabbits, including 238 clinically healthy ones. Blood glucose concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 30.1 mmol/l. Diabetes mellitus was not encountered. No significant effect of sex or sedation was found. Hypoglycaemia was seen in 16 rabbits including one with an insulinoma. There was a significant relationship between blood glucose, food intake, signs of stress and severity of clinical disease. Rabbits showing signs of stress had higher blood glucose than rabbits with no signs and rabbits that were totally anorexic had higher blood glucose values than those that were eating normally or those with reduced food intake. Severe hyperglycaemia (>20 mmol/l) was associated with conditions with a poor prognosis. Rabbits with confirmed intestinal obstruction had a mean blood glucose of 24.7 mmol/l (n=18). This was significantly higher than the rabbits with confirmed gut stasis, which had a mean value of 8.5 mmol/l (n=51). The conclusion of the study was that blood glucose is a measurable parameter that can be used to assess the severity of a rabbit's condition and help to differentiate between gut stasis and intestinal obstruction in rabbits that are anorexic.
Vet Rec 2012 Jun 30
PMID:Clinical value of blood glucose measurement in pet rabbits. 2265 22

Gastric dilatation is an acute and life-threatening condition in pet rabbits commonly caused by an intestinal obstruction with pellets of compressed hair. Surgery is normally considered to be the treatment of choice to alleviate the obstruction. However, for various reasons such as restrictions by the owner, a high anaesthetic risk due to the critical condition of the patient or concurrent diseases, surgical treatment may be impossible. In a three-year period, 145 cases of gastric dilatation were treated medically with a combination of metoclopramide, metamizole, balanced fluid electrolyte solution with glucose and syringe feeding. No gender or breed predisposition could be noted. Four animals were euthanased, three of them directly after diagnosis. Eleven animals died, eight of them on the day of presentation. The medical treatment was successful in 130 cases (89 per cent) with a mean treatment time of three days. The animals were released from hospital when eating and defecating normally. Although the use of medical treatment of gastric dilatation has to be thoroughly considered, especially regarding the severity of obstruction, the painfulness and the animal's welfare, the good survival rate observed with these animals makes it a good option for all cases where surgical treatment is contraindicated.
Vet Rec 2014 Nov 15
PMID:Medical treatment of 145 cases of gastric dilatation in rabbits. 2510 47